Article
Rehabilitation
Sean D. Rundell, Amol Karmarkar, Michael Nash, Kushang V. Patel
Summary: The study found that older adults with back pain who have multiple chronic conditions, especially arthritis, depression, and anxiety, are associated with poor physical functioning and an increased risk of falls over time.
ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION
(2021)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Kevin A. Kerber, Ran Bi, Lesli E. Skolarus, James F. Burke
Summary: This study aimed to characterize trajectories in physical performance over time and determine if these trajectories could improve fall prediction. The results showed that the trajectory of physical performance did not meaningfully improve fall prediction from a baseline physical performance assessment.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Orthopedics
P. Corrigan, T. Neogi, L. Frey-Law, S. R. Jafarzadeh, N. Segal, M. C. Nevitt, C. E. Lewis, J. J. Stefanik
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pain sensitization and poor physical functioning in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). The results showed that heightened pain sensitivity was associated with worse self-reported function and slower walking speed. However, its impact on performance-based function was minimal.
OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE
(2023)
Article
Sport Sciences
Kerry E. Costello, David T. Felson, S. Reza Jafarzadeh, Ali Guermazi, Frank W. Roemer, Neil A. Segal, Cora E. Lewis, Michael C. Nevitt, Cara L. Lewis, Vijaya B. Kolachalama, Deepak Kumar
Summary: This study developed a machine learning model that incorporates gait and physical activity to predict medial tibiofemoral cartilage worsening over 2 years in individuals without advanced knee osteoarthritis. The model showed good performance in predicting cartilage worsening and identified influential predictors in the outcome.
BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Orthopedics
L. Baumbach, D. T. Gronne, N. C. Moller, S. T. Skou, E. M. Roos
Summary: The objective of this study was to investigate changes in physical activity in patients with knee/hip osteoarthritis following an 8-week education and exercise therapy program, with a focus on those with low physical activity levels. The study also aimed to evaluate the association between changes in pain intensity and physical activity. The data from the GLA:D registry in Denmark were used, and measures of interest included the UCLA activity scale and Visual Analog Scale for pain intensity. The results showed that a significant proportion of patients reached or maintained at least a moderate physical activity level after the program, regardless of changes in pain intensity.
OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Luz Herrero-Manley, Ana Alabajos-Cea, Luis Suso-Marti, Enrique Viosca-Herrero, Isabel Vazquez-Arce
Summary: The study aimed to test the practicality of the existing diagnostic criteria for early knee osteoarthritis (EKOA) and evaluate the clinical progression of both healthy subjects at risk and patients diagnosed with EKOA. The participants were classified into EKOA and healthy subjects based on disability, pain, and self-reported variables. Most participants remained in their original classification, although some were reclassified during the follow-ups. The current diagnostic criteria could lead to misdiagnosis due to fluctuations in patients' conditions.
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Rumei Yang, Yin Liu, Yun Jiang, Daniel J. M. Fleming, Elizabeth B. Fauth
Summary: This study aimed to examine the impact of cancer on functional limitation trajectories and explore contributing factors. Results showed that there was a general trend of functional decline among Chinese middle-aged and older adults, with cancer diagnosis potentially influencing the rate of decline. Pain among cancer survivors was found to be associated with higher levels of functional limitations.
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Brianna I. I. Flynn, Emily M. M. Javan, Eugenia Lin, Zoe Trutner, Karl Koenig, Kenoma O. O. Anighoro, Eucharist Kun, Alaukik Gupta, Tarjinder Singh, Prakash Jayakumar, Vagheesh M. Narasimhan
Summary: Electronic health records are often incomplete, leading to reduced power in genetic association studies. However, image-based phenotyping, such as using knee DXA scans for knee osteoarthritis diagnosis, provides an unbiased way to identify disease cases. Deep-learning models trained on knee DXA scans can effectively diagnose knee osteoarthritis cases and improve the discovery of genome-wide significant loci. Additionally, image-based phenotyping can reveal epidemiological associations not captured in electronic health records, such as the link between knee osteoarthritis and increased risk of adult fractures.
NPJ DIGITAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Orthopedics
Munira M. Al Mahrouqi, Bill Vicenzino, David A. MacDonald, Michelle D. Smith
Summary: This study investigated the falls history in individuals with chronic ankle symptoms and compared it to those without the symptoms. The results showed that individuals with chronic ankle symptoms had a higher occurrence of falls and more severe injuries compared to the controls. They also had higher concern about falling and lower balance confidence. These findings highlight the importance of assessing falls and concerns about falling in individuals with chronic ankle symptoms.
JOURNAL OF FOOT AND ANKLE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Hirotaka Iijima, Tomoki Aoyama
Summary: The coexistence of sarcopenia and knee OA in older adults increases the risk of falls, with individuals in the sarcopenia + knee OA group having higher odds of recurrent falls compared to controls. This study introduces the concept of sarcopenic knee OA as a subgroup associated with a higher risk of falls, which should be further validated in future large cohort studies.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Hursuong Vongsachang, Aleksandra Mihailovic, E. Jian-Yu, David S. Friedman, Sheila K. West, Laura N. Gitlin, Pradeep Y. Ramulu
Summary: Understanding the relationship between weather and seasons on falls and physical activity in older adults, it was found that higher average daily temperature was associated with a higher likelihood of fall-related injuries, particularly outdoors during the summer season.
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Tamer Ahmed, Carmen-Lucia Curcio, Mohammad Auais, Afshin Vafaei, Catherine M. Pirkle, Ricardo Oliveira Guerra, Fernando Gomez
Summary: This study investigated the longitudinal relationship between falls and life-space mobility in older adults. It found that individuals with lower life-space mobility were more likely to experience recurrent falls or injurious falls, especially among women, those with insufficient income, and comorbidities. However, improvements in life-space mobility were observed over time for some individuals with recurrent or injurious falls.
AGING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Nico Magni, Jill Collier, Peter McNair, David A. Rice
Summary: The study found that 42% of patients with symptomatic hand OA experienced neuropathic pain, which was associated with higher pain intensity. Pain intensity was correlated with the number of pain medications and body schema alterations, but not with psychological factors, hand function, and sleep.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Jian-Yu E, Aleksandra Mihailovic, Jennifer A. Schrack, Tianjing Li, David S. Friedman, Sheila K. West, Laura N. Gitlin, Pradeep Y. Ramulu
Summary: Among visually impaired older adults, injurious falls identified prospectively over 12 months contributed to a significant decline in physical activity over a 3-year period, while minimal changes were observed in fear of falling.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Orthopedics
Susan Mayes, Peter Smith, Debbie Stuart, Adam Semciw, Jill Cook
Summary: The research found that elite ballet dancers did not negatively affect cartilage health over 5 years, with most cartilage defects not progressing. Cartilage defects were related to low femoral neck-shaft angles, and the impact of cartilage defects on dance participation and pain levels was minimal.
CLINICAL JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Rheumatology
Taro Kasai, Gen Momoyama, Yuichi Nagase, Tetsuro Yasui, Sakae Tanaka, Takumi Matsumoto
Summary: This study suggests that disease activity has an impact on recurrent deformities of the lesser toes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after resection arthroplasty for forefoot deformities, while recurrent deformities of the hallux are associated with the severity of preoperative hallux deformity.
MODERN RHEUMATOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Sakae Tanaka, Yoshiya Tanaka
Summary: RANKL plays a critical role in rheumatoid arthritis, with Denosumab being an effective therapeutic option.
JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM
(2021)
Correction
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Sakae Tanaka, Yoshiya Tanaka
Summary: The original publication of the article contained an error in the title of the table, which should have been Baseline patient demographics and characteristics in DESIRABLE trial. This title was adopted from a reference with permission.
JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM
(2021)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Sakae Tanaka, Toshio Matsumoto
Summary: Sclerostin negatively regulates canonical Wnt signaling pathways by binding to LRP5/6, while Romosozumab, a specific anti-sclerostin antibody, indirectly activates this pathway to promote bone formation.
JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM
(2021)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Sakae Tanaka, Hideki Mizutani, Eri Tsuruya, Ryoko Fukuda, Kiyoka Kuge, Naoki Okubo
Summary: The study confirmed the long-term safety and effectiveness of denosumab in Japanese patients with osteoporosis in daily clinical practice. It showed significant improvements in bone density and reductions in bone turnover markers, with a low incidence of osteoporotic fractures over 3 years. No new safety signals were identified.
JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM
(2021)
Article
Rheumatology
Uchio Akihiro, Takumi Matsumoto, Yuji Maenohara, Yasunori Omata, Hiroshi Takahashi, Mitsuyasu Iwasawa, Takuo Juji, Ichiro Nakamura, Sakae Tanaka
Summary: The study found that tofacitinib did not suppress the postoperative increase in body temperature and CRP level, but may lead to a decrease in lymphocyte count. The timing for resuming tofacitinib treatment after surgery should be carefully considered.
CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Takehiro Matsubara, Kazuhito Soma, Ikufumi Yamada, Hiroshi Fujita, Junya Yoshitani, Hiroyuki Oka, Hiroyuki Okada, Sakae Tanaka
Summary: Surgery for intertrochanteric fractures using intramedullary hip nails with an anterior offset (Best Fit Nail) has been found to be more effective in maintaining fragment reduction and proper lag screw position compared with conventional non-offset nails (Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation), according to postoperative computed tomography evaluation.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Takuya Kawahara, Keiko Yamada, Ryohei Terashima, Ikumi Takashima, Sakae Tanaka, Toru Ogata, Hirotaka Chikuda, Hiromasa Miura, Kozo Nakamura, Takashi Ohe
Summary: Multiple imputation was found to be the preferable method for handling missing values in the GLFS-25 questionnaire. However, single imputation using subject average/subject domain average can be used with practically negligible bias as long as the number of missing items is up to 8 out of 25 items in each individual of the population.
Article
Rheumatology
Tsutomu Takeuchi, Sakae Tanaka, Mitsuru Murata, Yoshiya Tanaka
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TAS5315 in Japanese patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis. The results showed numerical differences in disease activity improvement rates between the TAS5315 group and the placebo group at week 12, but the primary endpoint was not achieved. However, TAS5315 demonstrated advantages in disease activity and biomarker improvement, as well as higher risk of bleeding events within 36 weeks. Therefore, a risk-benefit analysis of TAS5315 should be considered.
ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Rheumatology
Ryutaro Takeda, Takumi Matsumoto, Yasunori Omata, Hiroshi Inui, Shuji Taketomi, Yuichi Nagase, Takuji Nishikawa, Hiroyuki Oka, Sakae Tanaka
Summary: This study investigated the trend of joint destruction patterns on knee radiographs of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) over the past 16 years. The results showed that radiographs of TKA recipients with RA are increasingly presenting osteoarthritic features in recent decades. The study also identified different clusters based on radiographic findings, indicating variations in joint space narrowing, spur formation, and alignment.
CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Orthopedics
H. Kobayashi, N. Ito, Y. Nakai, H. Katoh, K. Okajima, L. Zhang, Y. Tsuda, S. Tanaka
Summary: The aim of this study was to report the patterns of symptoms and insufficiency fractures in patients with tumour-induced osteomalacia (TIO) for early diagnosis. The study included 33 TIO patients treated between January 2000 and June 2022. Symptoms and radiological patterns of insufficiency fractures were investigated. The results showed that TIO patients experienced back pain, chest wall pain, and hip pain, with vertebral fractures being biconcave deformities and periarticular fractures involving subchondral insufficiency fractures and epiphyseal or metaphyseal fractures. The presence of these symptoms and insufficiency fractures in patients with a tumor should suggest TIO diagnosis.
BONE & JOINT JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Cell & Tissue Engineering
Takeshi Oichi, Joe Kodama, Kimberly Wilson, Hongying Tian, Yuka Imamura Kawasawa, Yu Usami, Yasushi Oshima, Taku Saito, Sakae Tanaka, Masahiro Iwamoto, Satoru Otsuru, Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
Summary: Long bone growth in the growth plate relies on endochondral ossification through the accumulation and synthesis of matrix scaffold by chondrocytes. Nutritional restriction increases the number of chondroprogenitors in the resting zone and inhibits their differentiation, while nutrient recovery promotes their differentiation and contributes to accelerated growth. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Akt in the resting zone is reduced under nutrient deprivation, and exogenous IGF-1 restores the phosphorylation of Akt and stimulates the differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells, leading to a decrease in their numbers.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Yasunori Omata, Hiroyuki Okada, Steffen Uebe, Naohiro Izawa, Arif B. Ekici, Kerstin Sarter, Taku Saito, Georg Schett, Sakae Tanaka, Mario M. Zaiss
Summary: Bone turnover is regulated by a variety of bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. The differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts are crucial for maintaining skeletal homeostasis. Through single-cell RNA sequencing, researchers identified RAB38 as a key molecule involved in osteoclast differentiation and maturation.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Hisato Watanabe, Hiroyuki Okada, Jun Hirose, Yasunori Omata, Takumi Matsumoto, Morio Matsumoto, Masaya Nakamura, Taku Saito, Takeshi Miyamoto, Sakae Tanaka
Summary: We investigated the role of hematopoietically expressed homeobox protein (Hhex) in osteoclast development. Our findings suggest that Hhex acts as an inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation through epigenetic regulation and modulation of the cell cycle of osteoclast precursors. Hhex expression is reduced during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, and overexpression or suppression of Hhex affects the development of osteoclasts in vitro. Conditional deletion of Hhex in osteoclast-lineage cells promotes osteoclastogenesis and reduces cancellous bone volume in mice.
Article
Rheumatology
Haruka Tsuchiya, Mineto Ota, Shuji Sumitomo, Kazuyoshi Ishigaki, Akari Suzuki, Toyonori Sakata, Yumi Tsuchida, Hiroshi Inui, Jun Hirose, Yuta Kochi, Yuho Kadono, Katsuhiko Shirahige, Sakae Tanaka, Kazuhiko Yamamoto, Keishi Fujio
Summary: Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation in the synovium, where synovial fibroblasts (SFs) play a major role. This study aimed to understand the genetic contribution to molecular regulatory networks in SFs under inflammatory conditions. Methods: SFs from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients were stimulated with various cytokines and immune cell subsets were analyzed. Integrative analyses including mRNA expression, histone modifications, 3D genome architecture, and genetic variations were performed. Results: Unstimulated SFs from RA patients showed differences in transcriptome and epigenome compared to OA SFs. Most responses to stimulations were shared between the diseases. SFs expressed pathogenic genes and chromatin remodeling in activated SFs revealed enrichment of RA risk loci in clusters of enhancers induced by proinflammatory cytokines. A RA risk SNP formed 3D contact with the promoter of a gene related to arthritis, and inhibition of this gene suppressed cytokine and chemokine production in SFs. Conclusions: This study identified potential therapeutic targets associated with genetic risk of RA and established a dynamic landscape of activated SFs.
ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES
(2021)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Jemima E. Schadow, David Maxey, Toby O. Smith, Mikko A. J. Finnila, Sarah L. Manske, Neil A. Segal, Andy Kin On Wong, Rachel A. Davey, Tom Turmezei, Kathryn S. Stok
Summary: This study systematically reviewed the published parameters for assessing subchondral bone in human osteoarthritis using computed tomography. The study identified clinically meaningful parameter categories and emphasized the importance of quantification and standardized measurement methods for improving the evaluation of disease progression.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Lindsay L. Loundagin, Kim D. Harrison, Xuan Wei, David M. L. Cooper
Summary: This study developed new techniques to define zones of BMU activity based on the 3D morphology of remodeling spaces in rabbit cortical bone and integrated morphological data with the BMU longitudinal erosion rate (LER) to elucidate the spatial-temporal coordination of BMUs and estimate mineral apposition rate (MAR). The results showed that the manual and semi-automated methods accurately defined the zones of remodeling spaces, and these techniques have the potential to assess dynamic parameters of bone resorption and formation.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Soroush Masrouri, Farzad Esmaeili, Maryam Tohidi, Fereidoun Azizi, Farzad Hadaegh
Summary: This study examined the association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline and fracture incidence. The results showed that rapid kidney function decline (RKFD) can increase the incidence of fractures among the general population.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Steven J. Meas, Gabriella M. Daire, Michael A. Friedman, Rachel Denapoli, Preetam Ghosh, Joshua N. Farr, Henry J. Donahue
Summary: Age- and disuse-related bone loss both lead to decreases in bone mineral density, cortical thickness, and trabecular thickness and connectivity. It is important to experimentally compare these two mechanisms at a structural and transcriptomic level to better understand their similarities and differences. This study compares the effects of hindlimb unloading and aging on bone microarchitecture and gene expression in mice, finding that while both induce similar changes, aging has a greater impact on the transcriptome and tissue level.
Correction
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Masaru Matsuoka, Sho Tsukamoto, Yuta Orihara, Rieko Kawamura, Mai Kuratani, Nobuhiko Haga, Kenji Ikebuchi, Takenobu Katagiri
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Rachel Kohler, Amy Creecy, David R. Williams, Matthew R. Allen, Joseph M. Wallace
Summary: Osteogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary bone disease that weakens bones and increase fracture risk. Current interventions mainly focus on increasing bone mass, but the compromised tissue-level material properties are not addressed. A study found that a RAL analog could reduce fracture risk, but further development is needed for optimal results in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
So Jeong Park, Eunhye Ji, Hyun Ju Yoo, Kyunggon Kim, Sunghwan Ji, Ji Yeon Baek, Jin Young Lee, Hee-Won Jung, Il-Young Jang, Eunju Lee, Namki Hong, Beom-Jun Kim
Summary: The study analyzed the relationship between serum lumican levels and osteosarcopenia in older adults, showing that older adults with osteosarcopenia had lower serum lumican levels. Lower serum lumican levels were associated with reduced bone mass and grip strength, indicating that lumican levels could be used as a biomarker for assessing the risk of osteosarcopenia, osteoporosis, or sarcopenia in older adults.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Michael B. Chavez, Michelle H. Tan, Tamara N. Kolli, Natalie L. Andras, Brian L. Foster
Summary: This study revealed the complex mechanisms by which disabling BSP functional domains led to profound and distinct changes in cementoblast cell functions, including dysregulated gene expression and reduced mineralization.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Julien Seiller, Blandine Merle, Romain Fort, Emilie Virot, Solene Poutrel, Giovanna Cannas, Arnaud Hot, Roland Chapurlat
Summary: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of bone fragility in sickle cell patients and to evaluate the potential risk factors and associated complications.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Chirantap Oza, Anuradha Khadilkar, Pranay Goel, Madhura Karguppikar, Nikhil Shah, Nikhil Lohiya, Shruti Mondkar, Prashant Patil, Hemchand Prasad, Ankita Maheshwari, Dipali Ladkat, Neha Kajale, Chidvilas More, Devarati Khurjekar, Vaman Khadilkar
Summary: This study revealed that BoneXpert (BX) can be used for accurate assessment of bone age and screening of bone health in Indian children and youth with type-1 diabetes (T1D). 51.5% of T1D subjects showed significantly decreased metacarpal index (MCI). Height, Tanner stage, and vitamin D concentrations were positively correlated with MCI, while HbA1c and disease duration were negatively correlated with MCI.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Mariam R. Farman, Catherine Rehder, Theodora Malli, Cheryl Rockman-Greenberg, Kathryn Dahir, Gabriel Angel Martos-Moreno, Agnes Linglart, Keiichi Ozono, Lothar Seefried, Guillermo del Angel, Gerald Webersinke, Francesca Barbazza, Lisa K. John, Sewmi M. A. Delana Mudiyanselage, Florian Hoegler, Erica Burner Nading, Erin Huggins, Eric T. Rush, Ahmed El-Gazzar, Priya S. Kishnani, Wolfgang Hoegler
Summary: The ALPL gene variant database serves as an archive for interpreting the clinical significance of ALPL gene variants, facilitating the reclassification of VUS and continuous updates. The project establishes an international expert consortium, providing a multidisciplinary collaboration framework to improve genetic counseling and medical decision-making for HPP patients.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Giovanni Adami, Davide Gatti, Maurizio Rossini, Alessandro Giollo, Matteo Gatti, Francesco Bertoldo, Eugenia Bertoldo, Amy S. Mudano, Kenneth G. Saag, Ombretta Viapiana, Angelo Fassio
Summary: Certain diseases requiring glucocorticoids are independently associated with an increased risk of fractures. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and neurological diseases are associated with both vertebral and non-vertebral fracture risk, while rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are only associated with non-vertebral fractures.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Frank C. Ko, Rong Xie, Brandon Willis, Zoe G. Herdman, Bryan A. Dulion, Hoomin Lee, Chun-do Oh, Di Chen, D. Rick Sumner
Summary: Intramembranous bone regeneration is important in joint and tooth replacement, but its underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study found that increased periostin gene expression preceded increases in osteogenic genes during bone regeneration. Using a genetic mouse model, the researchers discovered that cells transiently expressing periostin played a critical role in intramedullary intramembranous bone regeneration.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
T. Savikangas, T. H. Suominen, M. Alen, T. Rantalainen, S. Sipila
Summary: Regular exercise, especially high-intensity physical activity, can help slow down age-related bone loss and prevent a decline in femoral neck bone mineral density.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Mishaela R. Rubin, Ruban Dhaliwal
Summary: The increased risk of fractures observed in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) cannot be solely explained by modest decreases in areal bone mineral density (BMD). Accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in bone has been suggested as a possible cause for the increased bone fragility in diabetes. Although the evidence linking AGEs and fractures in individuals with T1D is limited, recent data show that AGEs, as measured by skin intrinsic fluorescence, are a risk factor for lower BMD in T1D. Further research is needed to determine if there is a causal relationship between fractures and AGEs in T1D. If confirmed, this could lead to interventions that can reduce AGE accumulation and ultimately reduce fractures in T1D patients.
