Increased infection with key periodontal pathogens during gestational diabetes mellitus

AimGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), gingivitis, infection with specific periodontal pathogens and systemic inflammation each increase the risk for poor pregnancy outcome. We set out to monitor the interactions of gingivitis and GDM with respect to oral infection and the systemic inflammatory burden. Materials and MethodsFour case-control groups (n=117) were recruited, (1) No gingivitis, No GDM (n=27); (2) Gingivitis, No GDM (n=31); (3) No gingivitis, GDM (n=21); and (4) Gingivitis, GDM (n=38). Oral infection with three key periodontal pathogens was determined by PCR. Systemic inflammation was determined by quantification of CRP by EIA. ResultsGingivitis during pregnancy was associated with oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis and Treponema denticola and combinations thereof (all p<0.01). GDM was also associated with increased infection with individual and multiple oral pathogens (all p<0.05). Gingivitis during pregnancy led to a 325% increase in systemic CRP (mean, 2495 versus 8116ng/ml, p<0.01). ConclusionsDiabetes and gingivitis act in concert to increase risk biomarkers for poor pregnancy outcome.