Is it smoking or related lifestyle variables that increase metabolic syndrome risk?

Association of Smoking Cessation and Weight Change With Cardiovascular Disease Among Adults With and Without Diabetes

(2013) Carole Clair et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Commentary on the clinical management of metabolic syndrome: why a healthy lifestyle is important

(2012) Michel de Lorgeril   BMC Medicine

Association of smoking, physical activity, and dietary habits with socioeconomic variables: a cross-sectional study in adults on both sides of the Hungarian-Romanian border

(2012) Erika Nédó et al.   BMC PUBLIC HEALTH

The intriguing metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: cardiovascular prognosis and role of fitness

(2012) Francisco B. Ortega et al.   EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL

Active Smoking and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

(2012) Kan Sun et al.   PLoS One

Weight gain in smokers after quitting cigarettes: meta-analysis

(2012) H.-J. Aubin et al.   BMJ-British Medical Journal

Dose-dependent positive association between cigarette smoking, abdominal obesity and body fat: cross-sectional data from a population-based survey

(2011) Carole Clair et al.   BMC PUBLIC HEALTH

Estimation of cancer incidence and mortality attributable to smoking in China

(2010) Jian-Bing Wang et al.   CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL

Association among cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome, and its individual components: the metabolic syndrome study in Taiwan

(2008) Ching-Chu Chen et al.   METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL