Journal
BIPOLAR DISORDERS
Volume 14, Issue 6, Pages 654-663Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01025.x
Keywords
age of onset; bipolar disorder; solar insolation; sunlight
Categories
Funding
- European Network of Bipolar Research Expert Centres (ENBREC) by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Programme
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research [64410]
- University of Oslo
- Research Council of Norway [167153/V50, 181831, 147787/320]
- South-Eastern Norway Health Authority [2010-074, 2004123, 2006258]
- Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris [CRC 94232]
- French Ministry of Research (PHRC) [AOM98152]
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)
- FondaMental foundation
- Eli Lilly Australia
- Spanish Government (CIBER Network, which is an initiative of ISCIII) [CB07/09/0024, P91A, P91E]
- European Regional Development Funds (FEDER)
- Kronikgune
- Stanley Research Foundation [03-RC-003]
- EU [223 102]
- CNPq
- CAPES
- Stanley Medical Research Institute
- NARSAD
- FIPE-HCPA
- CAPES, Brazil
- Colciencias
- CODI-UdeA
- Sobey Fellowship
- Department of Psychiatry
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- European Commission (FP7)
- NIH
- Cooperative Research Centre
- Simons Autism Foundation
- Cancer Council of Victoria
- Stanley Medical Research Foundation
- MBF
- NHMRC
- Beyond Blue
- Geelong Medical Research Foundation
- Bristol Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly Co.
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Organon
- Novartis
- Mayne Pharma
- Servier
- AstraZeneca
- Bayer Pharmaceuticals
- American Diabetes Association
- Abbot Laboratories, Inc.
- Forest Laboratories
- Pfizer, Inc.
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals
- WW Norton
- Sunovion
- Bristol-Myers Squibb/Otsuka
- Pfizer
- Cephalon
Ask authors/readers for more resources
Bauer M, Glenn T, Alda M, Andreassen OA, Ardau R, Bellivier F, Berk M, Bjella TD, Bossini L, Del Zompo M, Dodd S, Fagiolini A, Frye MA, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Henry C, Kapczinski F, Kliwicki S, Konig B, Kunz M, Lafer B, Lopez-Jaramillo C, Manchia M, Marsh W, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa M, Melle I, Morken G, Munoz R, Nery FG, ODonovan C, Pfennig A, Quiroz D, Rasgon N, Reif A, Rybakowski J, Sagduyu K, Simhandl C, Torrent C, Vieta E, Zetin M, Whybrow PC. Impact of sunlight on the age of onset of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 654663. (c) 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective: Although bipolar disorder has high heritability, the onset occurs during several decades of life, suggesting that social and environmental factors may have considerable influence on disease onset. This study examined the association between the age of onset and sunlight at the location of onset. Method: Data were obtained from 2414 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, according to DSM-IV criteria. Data were collected at 24 sites in 13 countries spanning latitudes 6.3 to 63.4 degrees from the equator, including data from both hemispheres. The age of onset and location of onset were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interviews. Solar insolation data, or the amount of electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, were obtained from the NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) database for each location of onset. Results: The larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the location of onset, the younger the age of onset (coefficient= -4.724, 95% CI: -8.124 to -1.323, p = 0.006), controlling for each countrys median age. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. No relationships were found between the age of onset and latitude, yearly total solar insolation, and the maximum monthly decrease in solar insolation. The largest maximum monthly increases in solar insolation occurred in diverse environments, including Norway, arid areas in California, and Chile. Conclusion: The large maximum monthly increase in sunlight in springtime may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder.
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