Recent developments in methodology employed to study the interactions between nanomaterials and model lipid membranes

With the boom of nanotechnology, nanomaterials (NMs) have been widely utilized in diverse applications, especially in biological and biomedical fields. Understanding how NMs interact with biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, and lipids, is of great importance for revealing the limitations posed and opportunities offered. Model lipid membrane, as a simplified cell membrane model, has been widely used to study the nanomaterial-lipid membrane interactions. In this article, current and emerging techniques, both experimental and theoretical, to investigate the interactions between NMs and model lipid membrane are summarized with each tool's capacities and limitations, along with future directions and challenges in this exciting area. This critical information will provide methodological guidance for researchers in this field.