Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Pamela C. Lovejoy, Kate E. Foley, Melissa M. Conti, Samantha M. Meadows, Christopher Bishop, Anthony C. Fiumera
Summary: Toxicant resistance is a complex trait influenced by genetics and environment, with sexual dimorphism and significant interactions between sexes in susceptibility genes. Despite a positive correlation, differences in susceptibility and gene associations between males and females highlight the importance of considering both sexes in toxicant susceptibility studies.
Article
Biology
Linda H. Lidborg, Catharine Penelope Cross, Lynda G. Boothroyd
Summary: This study suggests that strength/muscularity may be sexually selected in humans, while other forms of masculinity do not show clear evidence of selection. Further research is needed to understand the evolutionary hypotheses in non-industrialized populations.
Article
Evolutionary Biology
Wouter van der Bijl, Judith E. Mank
Summary: Despite the shared genetic architecture between sexes, there are still hidden differences in genetic structures that result in sexually discordant phenotypic effects in many traits.
Article
Biology
William Toubiana, David Armisen, Corentin Dechaud, Roberto Arbore, Abderrahman Khila
Summary: The study shows that there is a specific gene expression signature in the exaggerated legs of male Microvelia longipes, with male-biased genes evolving rapidly and female-biased genes over-represented on the X chromosome. Sex-biased genes tend to arrange in large genomic regions or small clusters along the chromosomes, and their number and expression are associated with the exaggerated legs of males. This suggests a pattern of common regulation through genomic proximity in association with trait exaggeration.
Article
Biology
Leslie M. Kollar, Scott Kiel, Ashley J. James, Cody T. Carnley, Danielle N. Scola, Taylor N. Clark, Tikahari Khanal, Todd N. Rosenstiel, Elliott T. Gall, Karl Grieshop, Stuart F. McDaniel
Summary: The study identified genetic variation for fitness in natural populations can be maintained by sexual antagonism and revealed the genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism in a moss species. The findings suggest that the response to sexually antagonistic or sexually concordant selection is dependent on the traits experiencing selection, and sex-specific genetic architectures have evolved to partly resolve multivariate genetic constraints.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology
Srikanta K. Mishra, Samantha Zambrano, Hansapani Rodrigo
Summary: The study found that male children exhibit a decrease in stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emission magnitudes with age, while female children do not show such changes and have higher emission magnitudes compared to males. The sex differences in young adults were larger, and the noise floor decreased with age.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Peipei Huang, Wenjie Guo, Yuhong Wang, Yang Xiong, Si Ge, Gaorui Gong, Qiaohong Lin, Zhen Xu, Jian-Fang Gui, Jie Mei
Summary: This study used GWAS to identify candidate SNPs and genes related to body length and body weight in yellow catfish. Significant associations were found, and a gene related to sexual size dimorphism was also discovered.
Article
Ecology
Simona Kralj-Fiser, Jutta M. Schneider, Matjaz Kuntner, Kate Laskowski, Francisco Garcia-Gonzalez
Summary: Genetic differences in aggression, activity, and exploration were found between sexes in a sexually size-dimorphic spider species, while no differences were observed in boldness. However, the high degree of uncertainty in the estimates prevents a robust conclusion on sex differences in genetic influences.
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2021)
Article
Biology
Ragda Alamoudi, Mohammed Ghamri, Ilias Mistakidis, Nikolaos Gkantidis
Summary: Sexual dimorphism in patterns and severity of third molar agenesis was investigated in non-syndromic white European individuals. No sexual dimorphism was found in the patterns or severity of third molar agenesis within groups. Both sexes showed a higher number of third molar agenesis in the group with other teeth agenesis. Bilateral third molar agenesis was more frequent in this group compared to the group without other teeth agenesis. These findings suggest strong genetic control of tooth formation and no sex-related differences in third molar agenesis.
Review
Neurosciences
Olesya Shirokova, Olga Zaborskaya, Pavel Pchelin, Elizaveta Kozliaeva, Vladimir Pershin, Irina Mukhina
Summary: In recent years, there has been increasing attention on the various aspects of sexual dimorphism in theoretical and applied biomedicine and neurobiology. This is because male and female brain cells demonstrate differences during aging, such as a dimorphic response to therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, different age of onset and prevalence of such disorders, and symptomatic differences between genders. This review aims to outline the genetic and epigenetic differences in brain cells during aging in males and females, showing that these differences are influenced by factors associated with sex chromosomes and subsequent changes in signal cascades in somatic cells.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jeanelle Uy, Natalie M. Laudicina
Summary: This research examines how gut size influences the size and shape of the human pelvic canal. In males, larger gut sizes are associated with increased mediolateral canal dimensions at the inlet and midplane, while in females, larger gut sizes are associated with more medially-projecting ischial spines and a longer anteroposterior outlet. These findings suggest adaptations to create space for the gut and reduce the risk of pelvic floor disorders in females.
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Xiaoling Zhong, Ashok Narasimhan, Libbie M. Silverman, Andrew R. Young, Safi Shahda, Sheng Liu, Jun Wan, Yunlong Liu, Leonidas G. Koniaris, Teresa A. Zimmers
Summary: Cachexia in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma displays sex-specific phenotypes, with male patients experiencing earlier and more severe cachexia. The reproductive hormone and cytokine Activin plays a significant role in muscle wasting in male patients.
JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE
(2022)
Article
Psychiatry
Julia C. Stingl, Catharina Scholl, Julia E. Bosch, Roberto Viviani
Summary: Pharmacogenetic studies have shown that cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of psychotropic drugs. CYP2C19, expressed in the human fetal brain during neurodevelopment, shows affinity for endogenous compounds and may affect brain morphology through estrogen steroids metabolism, with a positive association with basal ganglia and hippocampal volume found in female individuals.
TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Caihong Han, Qionglin Peng, Mengshi Sun, Xinyu Jiang, Xiangbin Su, Jiangtao Chen, Mingze Ma, Huan Zhu, Xiaoxiao Ji, Yufeng Pan
Summary: Most animal species exhibit dimorphic sexual behaviors, with males showing higher levels of aggression. Current models have focused on the male-specific product of the fruitless gene, fruM, which controls male courtship and male-specific aggression patterns in fruit flies and describes a male-specific mechanism underlying sexually dimorphic behaviors. This study demonstrates that the doublesex gene (dsx), which produces male-specific DsxM and female-specific DsxF transcription factors, also plays a role in the nervous system to control both male and female sexual and aggressive behaviors.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Montgomery Blencowe, Xuqi Chen, Yutian Zhao, Yuichiro Itoh, Caden N. McQuillen, Yanjie Han, Benjamin L. Shou, Rebecca McClusky, Karen Reue, Arthur P. Arnold, Xia Yang
Summary: Sex differences in physiology and disease in mammals are caused by reversible effects of gonadal hormones, permanent effects of gonadal hormones, and cell-autonomous effects of sex chromosomes and associated genes. These factors act together to cause sex differences in specific phenotypes, with activational hormone levels having the strongest influence on gene expression. Tissue specificity and interactions among the factors were observed. Genes affected by these factors and interactions are associated with human diseases such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease.