Review
Immunology
Linhai Zhang, Lijia Zhang, Fangjing Li, Wanyu Liu, Zhenzhen Tai, Juan Yang, Haiqing Zhang, Jinmei Tuo, Changyin Yu, Zucai Xu
Summary: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common cause of infectious encephalitis, accounting for nearly half of the confirmed cases. Clinical symptoms of HSV encephalitis are often atypical. HSV PCR in cerebrospinal fluid aids in diagnosis, and prognosis is usually favorable with regular antiviral treatment. Interestingly, some patients with recurrent encephalitis show little antiviral response. HSV PCR in cerebrospinal fluid is negative, but glucocorticoids have a significant effect after treatment. Specific antibodies, such as NMDA receptor antibody and GABA receptor antibody, can be found in the cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting the involvement of the immune system in recurrent encephalitis, although the specific mechanism remains unclear. Based on recent studies, we aim to summarize the relationship between herpes simplex encephalitis and innate immunity, providing further insights for researchers in this field.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Cooper K. Hayes, Christopher K. Villota, Fiona B. McEnany, Stacey Ceron, Sita Awasthi, Moriah L. Szpara, Harvey M. Friedman, David A. Leib, Richard Longnecker, Matthew D. Weitzman, Lisa N. Akhtar
Summary: Clinical HSV-2 isolates collected from neonates with encephalitis are more neurovirulent in human neuronal cell culture and murine models as compared to isolates from neonates with skin-limited disease, suggesting that viral factors contribute to neurologic outcome following human neonatal infection.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Benjamine Sarton, Pierre Jaquet, Djida Belkacemi, Etienne de Montmollin, Fabrice Bonneville, Charline Sazio, Aurelien Frerou, Marie Conrad, Delphine Daubin, Russell Chabanne, Laurent Argaud, Frederic Dailler, Noelle Brule, Nicolas Lerolle, Quentin Maestraggi, Julien Marechal, Pierre Bailly, Keyvan Razazi, Francois Mateos, Bertrand Guidet, Albrice Levrat, Vincent Susset, Alexandre Lautrette, Jean-Paul Mira, Ahmed El Kalioubie, Alexandre Robert, Alexandre Massri, Jean Francois Albucher, Jean Marc Olivot, Jean Marie Conil, Lila Boudma, Jean-Francois Timsit, Romain Sonneville, Stein Silva
Summary: The presence of extensive MRI changes, particularly in the thalamus, in adult patients with herpes simplex encephalitis is independently associated with poor functional outcome at 90 days. Thalamic diffusion signal changes are frequently observed and are associated with poor prognosis, especially in older patients.
Article
Immunology
Elisabetta Xue, Hu Xie, Wendy M. Leisenring, Louise E. Kimball, Sonia Goyal, Lisa Chung, Rachel Blazevic, Byron Maltez, Anna Edwards, Ann E. Dahlberg, Rachel B. Salit, Colleen Delaney, Steven A. Pergam, Michael Boeckh, Filippo Milano, Joshua A. Hill
Summary: Despite receiving antiviral prophylaxis for more than 1 year after cord blood transplant, recipients still have a high incidence of herpes zoster. The study found that acute graft-vs-host disease increased the risk of herpes zoster, while antiviral prophylaxis reduced the risk. Further research is needed on compliance with antiviral prophylaxis, VZV-specific immune monitoring, and vaccination to mitigate herpes zoster after cord blood transplant.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Seiichiro Katagiri, Daigo Akahane, Tatsuya Inukai, Shunsuke Otsuki, Arisa Yamada, Mitsuru Moriyama, Akiko Yamada, Michiyo Asano, Seiichiro Yoshizawa, Yuko Tanaka, Nahoko Furuya, Hiroaki Fujimoto, Moritaka Gotoh, Shigeki Nakamura, Akihiko Gotoh
Summary: This case report focuses on the behavior of HHV-6 in a patient with ciHHV-6 who underwent two CBTs. Changes in HHV-6 DNA levels in peripheral blood leukocytes during the disease course were observed, suggesting the potential release of HHV-6 genome due to tissue damage. Physicians should be aware of the variability of HHV-6 DNA during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in ciHHV-6 patients.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND CHEMOTHERAPY
(2021)
Article
Pediatrics
Paula Carrascosa-Garcia, Lidia Oviedo-Melgares, David Torres-Fernandez, Daniel Blazquez-Gamero, Thais Armangue, Sara Vila-Bedmar, Luis Prieto-Tato, Concepcion Miranda-Herrero, Mar Santos-Sebastian, Elena Maria Rincon-Lopez, Elisa Fernandez-Cooke
Summary: This article reports the long-term response of two infants with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) post herpes simplex encephalitis treated with rituximab. Rituximab may improve the course of the disease and should be considered early as a second-line treatment. Data on the long-term effect of rituximab in B cell depletion and immunoglobulins levels in infants are needed.
INDIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Julia Sehl-Ewert, Theresa Schwaiger, Alexander Schaefer, Julia E. Hoelper, Barbara G. Klupp, Jens P. Teifke, Ulrike Blohm, Thomas C. Mettenleiter
Summary: The study provides an in-depth investigation of an animal model for herpes simplex encephalitis, showing its validity for studying the pathogenesis of HSE. The research observed clinical manifestations and immunopathological features of virus infection, providing valuable insights.
Review
Virology
Md Sadique Hussain, Gaurav Gupta, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Waleed Hassan Almalki, Imran Kazmi, Sami I. Alzarea, Shakir Saleem, Ruqaiyah Khan, Najla Altwaijry, Samir Patel, Archita Patel, Sachin Kumar Singh, Kamal Dua
Summary: The immunopathology of HSV-associated neuroinflammation is a complex field of study that explores the interactions between the virus and the host's immune responses, as well as the impact of immune reactions on the outcome of infections. This review extensively analyzes the diverse immune reactions triggered by HSV and delves into the delicate balance between immune defense and immunopathology-induced neural damage.
REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Daniel G. Bunis, Yelena Bronevetsky, Elisabeth Krow-Lucal, Nirav R. Bhakta, Charles C. Kim, Srilaxmi Nerella, Norman Jones, Ventura F. Mendoza, Yvonne J. Bryson, James E. Gern, Rachel L. Rutishauser, Chun Jimmie Ye, Marina Sirota, Joseph M. McCune, Trevor D. Burt
Summary: The human fetal immune system is designed to generate immune tolerance and suppress inflammation in utero, while the adult immune system orchestrates anti-pathogen immune responses after birth. Cells of the adult immune system are posited to arise from a discrete layer of hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells and their progeny.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yinghui Li, Mei He, Wenshan Zhang, Wei Liu, Hui Xu, Ming Yang, Hexiao Zhang, Haiwei Liang, Wenjing Li, Zhaozhao Wu, Weichao Fu, Shiqi Xu, Xiaolei Liu, Sibin Fan, Liwei Zhou, Chaoqun Wang, Lele Zhang, Yafang Li, Jiali Gu, Jingjing Yin, Yiran Zhang, Yonghui Xia, Xuemei Mao, Tao Cheng, Jun Shi, Yanan Du, Yingdai Gao
Summary: This study presents a biomimetic microniche-based system for expanding human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), particularly megakaryocyte-biased HSCs. The expansion of HSCs was demonstrated from various sources using this system, and scalability was achieved in a stirred bioreactor. Furthermore, the study identifies a specific immune phenotype for the expanded megakaryocyte-biased HSCs. This research provides a flexible HSC expansion strategy and contributes to the understanding and potential clinical application of HSC-based therapies.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Qinwei Yu, Chao Han, Lei Pei, Jinsha Huang, Yan Xu, Tao Wang
Summary: Compelling evidence suggests that status epilepticus is a common cause of rhabdomyolysis, but cases of rhabdomyolysis induced by a single seizure accompanied by viral encephalitis are rarely reported. This case highlights the need for careful analysis of rhabdomyolysis cases with unknown causes, minor seizures, and without status epilepticus, and suggests that HSV virus infection may contribute to rhabdomyolysis.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Vedavyas Gannamani, Ankur Varma, Sunita Nathan, Celalettin Ustun
Summary: This article reports a rare case of persistent hyponatremia in a stem-cell transplant recipient infected with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6). The patient's hyponatremia and HHV-6 viremia improved with water-restriction, tolvaptan, and a combination of foscarnet and ganciclovir. However, recurrent HHV-6 infections with persistent hyponatremia required continued treatment with foscarnet.
TRANSPLANT IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Cell & Tissue Engineering
Yufeng Xi, Guang Yue, Shuqiang Gao, Rong Ju, Yujia Wang
Summary: Perinatal brain injury is a major cause of death and disability in children. Transplantation of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells has shown significant efficacy and safety in animal and clinical trials for the treatment of perinatal brain injury.
STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY
(2022)
Article
Hematology
Isabel C. Yoon, Nicholas A. Bascou, Michele D. Poe, Paul Szabolcs, Maria L. Escolar
Summary: HSCT can prolong the lifespan and improve the functional abilities of late-infantile patients with Krabbe disease, especially those who undergo transplantation before symptom onset. The cognitive outcomes were better for patients with disease onset at >12 months compared to untreated patients. The findings support reclassifying late-infantile Krabbe disease to symptom onset at 12 to 36 months of age.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Guy Handley, Fareed Khawaja, Divya S. Kondapi, Hun J. Lee, Gregory P. Kaufman, Sattva S. Neelapu, Luis E. Fayad, Sudhakar Tummala, Linda Chi, Paolo Strati, Victor E. Mulanovich
Summary: This article presents a fatal case of HHV-6 myelitis following CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. The patient initially developed cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, which progressed to neuromuscular respiratory failure and death. Treatment with foscarnet and immunomodulating agents was ineffective in halting disease progression.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)