Journal
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Volume 89, Issue 2, Pages 460-466Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.013
Keywords
Adolescence; Parenting; SES; HPA-axis; Cortisol awakening response
Funding
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO (Medical Research Council) [GB-MW 940-38-011]
- ZonMW Brainpower [100-001-004]
- ZonMw Risk Behavior and Dependence [60-60600-98-018, 60-60600-97-118]
- ZonMw Culture and Health [261-98-710]
- Social Sciences Council medium-sized investment [GB-MaGW 480-01-006, GB-MaGW 480-07-001]
- Social Sciences Council [GB-MaGW 457-03-018, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, GB-MaGW 452-06-004]
- NWO [175.010.2003.005, 481-08-013]
- Sophia Foundation for Medical Research [301, 393]
- Dutch Ministry of Justice (WODC)
- European Science Foundation [FP-006]
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the developmental programming part of the theory of biological sensitivity to context using family environmental factors and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. Specifically, we investigated whether perceived parenting (Rejection and Emotional Warmth) and socio-economic status (SES) predicted basal cortisol levels and the cortisol awakening response (CAR). In a population-based cohort of 1594 adolescents (mean age = 11.08, SD = 0.54) we assessed salivary cortisol, SES and perceived parenting. Perceived parental Emotional Warmth showed an inverse, linear association with basal cortisol levels. In addition, there was a curvilinear relationship between SES and both basal cortisol levels and the CAR. Our findings with regard to basal cortisol levels confirmed our hypothesis: lower basal HPA-axis activity in both high and low SES families compared to intermediate SES families. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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