The potential effect of sustained hypoxia on nitrogen cycling in sediment from the southern North Sea: a mesocosm experiment

The potential effect of sustained hypoxia (up to 70 days) on the production of N-2 gas through denitrification and anammox, as well as sediment-water exchange of nitrite, nitrate and ammonia, oxygen consumption and penetration, were measured in mesocosms using sediment collected from the southern North Sea (north of Dogger Bank). As expected, both the penetration of oxygen into, and consumption of oxygen by, the sediment decreased by 42 and 46 %, respectively, once hypoxia was established. Importantly, the oxygen regime did not change significantly (P > 0.05) during the experiment, suggesting that organic carbon was not depleted. During the first 10 days, the exchange of NO3 (-), NO2 (-) and NH4 (+) between the sediment and water was erratic but once a steady state was established the sediment acted as either a sink for fixed nitrogen under hypoxia or as a source in the controls. Over the course of the mesocosm experiment the rate of both anammox and denitrification increased, with anammox increasing disproportionately under hypoxia relative to the controls, whereas the rate of increase in denitrification was the same for both. Under sustained hypoxia the production of N-2 gas increased by 72 % relative to the controls, with this increase in N-2 production remaining constant regardless of the duration of hypoxia. Longer periods of stratification and oxygen depletion are predicted to occur more regularly in the bottom waters of shallow coastal seas as one manifestation of climate change. Under sustained hypoxia the potential for nitrogen removal by the production of N-2 gas in this region of the southern North Sea was estimated to increase from 2.1 kt N 150 days(-1) to 3.6 kt 150 days(-1), while the efflux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen ceased altogether; both of which could down regulate the productivity of this region as a whole.