Article
Agronomy
Sofoklis Bouras, Dimitrios Antoniadis, Georgios Kountrias, Ioannis T. Karapanagiotidis, Nikolaos Katsoulas
Summary: This study assessed the effect of different growth medium pH levels on the biomass, lipid accumulation, proximate composition, and DHA content of the heterotrophic marine microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. It was found that a neutral pH (7) was the optimum level.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Zhipeng Li, Tong Meng, Wei Hang, Xingyu Cao, Hui Ni, Yanyan Shi, Qingbiao Li, Yuyan Xiong, Ning He
Summary: A study found that supplementing DHA and EPA did not reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease in participants aged 18 to 63 over a five-year follow-up period.
ALGAL RESEARCH-BIOMASS BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Uyun Nurul Aini, Siriporn Lunprom, Alissara Reungsang, Apilak Salakkam
Summary: This study investigates the feasibility of using cassava pulp as a low-cost carbon source for DHA production. Optimized cultivation conditions resulted in higher cell dry mass and DHA productivity using cassava pulp as the carbon source, making it an economical and sustainable method for DHA production.
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Xiangyu Zhu, Chunxiao Meng, Huanmin Du, Limei Chen, Fengjie Sun, Wuxi Chen, Zuoxi Wei, Jiali Ren, Zhengquan Gao, Demao Li
Summary: This study investigated the effects of ethanol concentrations on astaxanthin production in S. limacinum B4D1 and explored the underlying metabolic mechanisms. The results showed that high concentrations of ethanol promote astaxanthin accumulation and alter fatty acid proportions. The study also revealed that ethanol enhances the transcriptional expression of genes involved in astaxanthin synthesis pathway and inhibits expression of genes in competitive pathways. Additionally, ethanol increases the expression of genes inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of ethanol as an inducer for promoting astaxanthin accumulation in S. limacinum B4D1.
ALGAL RESEARCH-BIOMASS BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS
(2022)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Pernille Margrethe Olsen, Gergely Kosa, Marianne Kluver, Achim Kohler, Volha Shapaval, Svein Jarle Horn
Summary: Lignocellulosic sugars from Norway spruce were used to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by the marine thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21. Shake flask batch cultivations showed that no additional salts were needed for optimal growth. Fed-batch bioreactors produced up to 55 g/L cell dry mass and a total fatty acid content of 44% (w/w), with 1/3 of it being DHA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was successfully used to monitor lipid accumulation in A. limacinum SR21. This study demonstrates that crude spruce hydrolysates can be used as a sustainable resource for DHA production.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Wang Ma, Ziyi Zhang, Wenqian Yang, Pengwei Huang, Yang Gu, Xiaoman Sun, He Huang
Summary: This study aimed to synthesize docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Schizochytrium sp. using cane molasses (CM) as a carbon source. It was found that sucrose utilization was the limiting factor in CM utilization, so the overexpression of sucrose hydrolase (SH) in Schizochytrium sp. improved the sucrose utilization rate. Adaptive laboratory evolution was used to further enhance sucrose utilization, and the metabolic differences between CM and glucose were analyzed. Finally, a constant flow rate CM feeding strategy resulted in high DHA titer and lipid yield. This study demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of using CM for industrial DHA fermentation.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Yaxiang Li, Limei Chen, Wuxi Chen, Jianyong Zhu, Yefu Chen, Demao Li
Summary: The study aimed to evaluate the potential of acetate as a carbon source by examining the fermentation performance of Schizochytrium limacinum B4D1 and its effects on metabolism using physiology and transcriptomics studies. The results showed that acetate, though having a lower metabolic rate in S. limacinum B4D1 compared to glucose, increased the content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the total fatty acids. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that acetate significantly upregulated the acetyl-CoA synthetase gene, promoting fatty acid biosynthesis. Upregulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid enzymes also enhanced the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway, leading to an increase in DHA content. The changes in gene expression contributed to the increased proportion of DHA in the total fatty acids.
BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Nikhil L. Kadalag, Pratik R. Pawar, Gunjan Prakash
Summary: In this study, co-cultivation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum with Aurantiochytrium limacinum was used as a unique strategy to achieve the desired fatty acid composition. The initial cell density ratio was modulated to overcome the dominance of A. limacinum and regulate the proliferation of both species, resulting in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as well as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and pigments.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Guoxiang Chi, Yiyuan Xu, Xingyu Cao, Zhipeng Li, Mingfeng Cao, Yusuf Chisti, Ning He
Summary: Dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has various health benefits. Traditional sources of these fatty acids, such as fish oil, are limited and of variable quality. Therefore, alternative sources are being sought. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) has been commercially produced for high-value dietary use, but it is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds. Aquaculture is currently dependent on wild-caught fish oil as a source of omega-3 LC-PUFA, which restricts sustainable expansion. Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.) is of particular interest as it has shown to be a good producer of DHA and EPA. Various strategies have been developed to improve the production and economics of omega-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp.
BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Juan Martin Delgado Naranjo, Maria Jose Jimenez Callejon, Mariana Penuela Vasquez, Luis Alberto Rios, Alfonso Robles Medina
Summary: The study successfully produced structured triacylglycerols (STAGs) with caprylic acid and DHA located at different positions on the glycerol molecule through enzymatic catalysis, replacing traditional fish oil as a better source of DHA for human consumption.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Natalia Kujawska, Szymon Talbierz, Marcin Debowski, Joanna Kazimierowicz, Marcin Zielinski
Summary: This study aimed to optimize biomass and DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. grown on waste glycerol. The results suggest the use of a two-step culture system to increase DHA concentration.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Preeti Mehta, Rekha Rani, Ravi Gupta, Anshu Mathur, Sankara Sri Venkata Ramakumar
Summary: This study investigates the potential stimulatory effects of three different biochemical modulators on the biomass, lipid, and DHA production of Schizochytrium sp. MTCC 5890. Among the tested modulators, individual supplementation of 6-BAP and Ses significantly improved the biomass, lipid, and DHA accumulation. Additionally, the combined supplementation of 6-BAP and Ses further increased the productivities of biomass, lipid, and DHA.
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biology
Wang Ma, Mengzhen Liu, Zixu Zhang, Yingshuang Xu, Pengwei Huang, Dongsheng Guo, Xiaoman Sun, He Huang
Summary: In this study, a MetE-like complex was described for the first time, which can increase the content of EPA in Schizochytrium sp. and thus enhance its production. Lipidomics analysis revealed that EPA is more inclined to be stored as triglyceride. These findings suggest that Schizochytrium sp. has great potential for co-production of EPA and DHA.
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Zi-Lei Chen, Lin-Hui Yang, Shao-Jie He, Yuan-Hang Du, Dong-Sheng Guo
Summary: This study introduces seawater and fermentation wastewater into the fermentation production of DHA, solving the issue of freshwater competition in the fermentation industry. In addition, a green fermentation strategy with pH control using waste ammonia, NaOH, and citric acid, as well as waste recycling, is proposed. The strategy provides a stable external environment for cell growth and lipid synthesis while reducing the dependence on organic nitrogen sources. The study demonstrates the industrialization potential of this strategy in DHA production, achieving biomass, lipid, and DHA yields of 195.8 g/L, 74.4 g/L, and 46.4 g/L, respectively, in a 50 L bioreactor. This research offers a green and economic bioprocess technology for DHA production by Schizochytrium sp.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Dominique Turck, Jacqueline Castenmiller, Stefaan De Henauw, Karen Ildico Hirsch-Ernst, John Kearney, Alexandre Maciuk, Inge Mangelsdorf, Harry J. McArdle, Androniki Naska, Carmen Pelaez, Kristina Pentieva, Alfonso Siani, Frank Thies, Sophia Tsabouri, Marco Vinceti, Francesco Cubadda, Thomas Frenzel, Marina Heinonen, Rosangela Marchelli, Monika Neuhauser-Berthold, Morten Poulsen, Miguel Prieto Maradona, Josef Rudolf Schlatter, Henk van Loveren, Emanuela Turla, Helle Katrine Knutsen
Summary: The European Food Safety Authority assessed the safety of Schizochytrium sp. oil as a novel food and concluded that a daily intake of 1g of DHA in food supplements is safe for adults, excluding pregnant and lactating women, but does not recommend increasing the intake to 3g.