Seedling establishment of vascular epiphytes on isolated and enclosed forest trees in an Andean landscape, Ecuador

The impact of human disturbance on colonisation dynamics of vascular epiphytes is poorly known. We studied abundance, diversity and floristic composition of epiphyte seedling establishing on isolated and adjacent forest trees in a tropical montane landscape. All vascular epiphytes were removed from plots on the trunk bases of Piptocoma discolor. Newly established epiphyte seedlings were recorded after 2 years, and their survival after another year. Seedling density, total richness at family and genus level, and the number of families and genera per plot were significantly reduced on isolated trees relative to forest trees. Seedling assemblages on trunks of forest trees were dominated by hygrophytic understorey ferns, those on isolated trees by xerotolerant canopy taxa. Colonisation probability on isolated trees was significantly higher for plots closer to forest but not for plots with greater canopy or bryophyte cover. Seedling mortality on isolated trees was significantly higher for mesophytic than for xerotolerant taxa. Our results show that altered recruitment can explain the long-term impoverishment of post-juvenile epiphyte assemblages on isolated remnant trees. We attribute these changes to a combination of dispersal constraints and the harsher microclimate documented by measurements of temperature and humidity. Although isolated trees in anthropogenic landscapes are considered key structures for the maintenance of forest biodiversity in many aspects, our results show that their value for the conservation of epiphytes can be limited. We suggest that abiotic seedling requirements will increasingly constitute a bottleneck for the persistence of vascular epiphytes in the face of ongoing habitat alteration and atmospheric warming.