Journal
BIODEGRADATION
Volume 24, Issue 2, Pages 191-202Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10532-012-9570-9
Keywords
4-tert-Butylphenol; Alkylphenols; Spirodela polyrrhiza; Aquatic plant-rhizobacteria association; Biodegradation; Sphingobium fuliginis
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Funding
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan [21681010, 22710069]
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [24681011, 22710069, 21681010] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Although 4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP) is a serious aquatic pollutant, its biodegradation in aquatic environments has not been well documented. In this study, 4-t-BP was obviously and repeatedly removed from water from four different environments in the presence of Spirodela polyrrhiza, giant duckweed, but 4-t-BP persisted in the environmental waters in the absence of S. polyrrhiza. Also, 4-t-BP was not removed from autoclaved pond water with sterilized S. polyrrhiza. These results suggest that the 4-t-BP removal from the environmental waters was caused by biodegradation stimulated by the presence of S. polyrrhiza rather than by uptake by the plant. Moreover, Sphingobium fuliginis OMI capable of utilizing 4-t-BP as a sole carbon and energy source was isolated from the S. polyrrhiza rhizosphere. Strain OMI degraded 4-t-BP via a meta-cleavage pathway, and also degraded a broad range of alkylphenols with linear or branched alkyl side chains containing two to nine carbon atoms. Root exudates of S. polyrrhiza stimulated 4-t-BP degradation and cell growth of strain OMI. Thus, the stimulating effects of S. polyrrhiza root exudates on 4-t-BP-degrading bacteria might have contributed to 4-t-BP removal in the environmental waters with S. polyrrhiza. These results demonstrate that the S. polyrrhiza-bacteria association may be applicable to the removal of highly persistent 4-t-BP from wastewaters or polluted aquatic environments.
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