Journal
BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-REVIEWS ON CANCER
Volume 1846, Issue 2, Pages 425-438Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.09.001
Keywords
Bone markers; Cancer; Osseous metastasis; Diagnostic biomarker; Prognostic biomarker
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Bone metastases are characterized by increased osteoblastic and/or osteolytic processes depending on the tumor type. The altogether destructive effect of metastasis formation promoted by increased metabolic activity raises the release of components from the osseous metabolism into the blood stream. These components are either enzymes directly involved in the alteration processes, metabolites/proteins that develop during this or bone matrix proteins released during this. These biomarkers are categorized in relation to their involvement in the bone formation or resorption as bone formation and resorption markers. Based on a PubMed literature search, a critical appraisal of the various biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring purposes is given for patients with skeletal metastases caused by breast, prostate, lung, or renal cell carcinomas. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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