Molecular Basis for Enantioselectivity in the (R)- and (S)-Hydroxypropylthioethanesulfonate Dehydrogenases, a Unique Pair of Stereoselective Short-Chain Dehydrogenases/Reductases Involved in Aliphatic Epoxide Carboxylation

(R)- and (S)-2-hydroxypropyl-CoM (R-HPC and S-HPC) are produced as intermediates in bacterial propylene metabolism from the nucleophilic addition of coenzyme M to (R)- and (S)-epoxypropane, respectively. Two highly enantioselective dehydrogenases (R-HPCDH and S-HPCDH) belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family catalyze the conversion of R-HPC and S-H PC to 2-ketopropyl-CoM (2-KPC), which undergoes reductive cleavage and carboxylation to produce acetoacetate. In the present study, one of three copies of S-HPCDH enzymes present on a linear megaplasmid in Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain Py2 has been cloned and overexpressed, allowing the first detailed side by side characterization of the R-HPCDH and S-HPCDH enzymes The catalytic triad of S-HPCDH was found to consist of Y156, K160, and S143 R211 and K214 were identified as the amino acid residues coordinating the sulfonate of CoM in S-H PC R211A and K214A mutants were severely impaired in the oxidation of S-HPC or reduction of 2-KPC but were largely unaffected in the oxidation and reduction of aliphatic alcohols and ketones Kinetic analyses using R- and S-HPC as substrates revealed that enantioselectivity in R-HPCDH (value, 944) was dictated largely by differences in k(cat) while enantioselectivity for S-HPCDH (value, 1315) was dictated largely by changes in K-m S-HPCDH had an Inherent high enantioselectivity for producing (S)-2-butanol from 2-butanone that was unaffected by modulators that interact with the sulfonate binding site The tertiary alcohol 2-methyl-2-hydroxypropyl-CoM (M-HPC) was a competitive inhibitor of R-HPCDH-catalyzed R-HPC oxidation, with a K-is similar to the K-m for R-HPC, but was not an inhibitor of S-HPCDH. The primary alcohol 2-hydroxyethyl-CoM was a substrate for both R-HPCDH and S-HPCDH with identical K-m values. The pH dependence of kinetic parameters suggests that the hydroxyl group is a larger contributor to S-HPC binding to S-HPCDH than for R-HPC binding to R-HPCDH. It is proposed that active site constraints within the S-HPCDH prevent proper binding of R-HPC and M-HPC due to steric clashes with the improperly aligned methyl group on the C2 carbon, resulting in a different mechanism for controlling substrate specificity and enantioselectivity than present in the R-HPCDH