Journal
BEHAVIOR GENETICS
Volume 39, Issue 4, Pages 427-436Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10519-009-9263-2
Keywords
High reading ability; Gene-by-environment interaction; Twins; Resilience
Funding
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- CLDRC [HD-27802, R01 HD038526, HD-007289]
- UK Medical Research Council [G0500079]
- US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [HD49861]
- European Commission [018696]
- MRC [G0500079] Funding Source: UKRI
- Medical Research Council [G0500079] Funding Source: researchfish
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Moderation of the level of genetic influence on children's high reading ability by environmental influences associated with parental education was explored in two independent samples of identical and fraternal twins from the United States and Great Britain. For both samples, the heritability of high reading performance increased significantly with lower levels of parental education. Thus, resilience (high reading ability despite lower environmental support) is more strongly influenced by genotype than is high reading ability with higher environmental support. This result provides a coherent account when considered alongside results of previous research showing that heritability for low reading ability decreased with lower levels of parental education.
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