Article
Sport Sciences
Tyler Kelly, Alexander Patrician, Mohini Bryant-Ekstrand, Courtney Brown, Christopher Gasho, Hannah G. Caldwell, Rachel N. Lord, Tony Dawkins, Aimee Drane, Michael Stembridge, Tanja Dragun, Otto Barak, Boris Spajic, Ivan Drvis, Joseph W. Duke, Glen E. Foster, Philip N. Ainslie, Zeljko Dujic, Andrew T. Lovering
Summary: The prevalence of patent foramen ovale is significantly higher in apnea divers, potentially due to the pulmonary arterial hypertension during diving and effects of bubbles in the heart.
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT
(2022)
Review
Physiology
Alexander Patrician, Zeljko Dujic, Boris Spajic, Ivan Drvis, Philip N. Ainslie
Summary: Breath-hold diving involves highly integrative physiology and extreme responses to exercise and asphyxia. The physiology of deep diving across different phases of a dive highlights the coordinated interplay of oxygen conservation, exercise economy, and hyperbaric management. The review summarizes the acute risks and potential long-term medical consequences of breath-hold diving, while emphasizing the need for future research in this unique field of physiological adaptation.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Eric Mulder, Lukas Langle, Frank Pernett, Janne Bouten, Arne Sieber, Erika Schagatay
Summary: Blackout in breath-hold diving is commonly attributed to hypoxia, but it has been suggested that cardiac arrhythmias may also play a role. In this study, heart rate recordings during a static apnea competition revealed that the diver who experienced blackout displayed a different heart rate pattern, including persistent alterations in R-R intervals and ectopic beats. This suggests that arrhythmia may have contributed to the blackout by affecting cardiac pumping function and brain perfusion.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Physiology
Kay Tetzlaff, Frederic Lemaitre, Christof Burgstahler, Julian A. Luetkens, Lars Eichhorn
Summary: Breath-hold diving poses challenges to the respiratory system, with elite athletes using techniques like glossopharyngeal breathing to enhance performance while facing risks such as nitrogen narcosis and decompression stress. Understanding the physiological adaptations and possible mechanisms of inert gas entering the bloodstream during deep dives is crucial in assessing medical risks associated with deep breath-hold diving.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Tom Scott, Hanna van Waart, Xavier C. E. Vrijdag, David Mullins, Peter Mesley, Simon J. Mitchell
Summary: Arterial blood gas measurements were obtained during extreme deep free dives, showing significant changes in both oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure during descent and ascent. These findings support previous observations in less extreme diving environments.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Sport Sciences
Danilo Cialoni, Andrea Brizzolari, Nicola Sponsiello, Valentina Lancellotti, Gerardo Bosco, Alessandro Marroni, Alessandra Barassi
Summary: This study investigated the changes in serum amino acids after breath-hold diving training, and found that these changes were associated with energy demand, fatigue tolerance, nitric oxide production, antioxidant synthesis, and hypoxia adaptation.
SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN
(2022)
Article
Physiology
Thomas Kjeld, Anders Brenoe Isbrand, Katrine Linnet, Bo Zerahn, Jens Hojberg, Egon Godthaab Hansen, Lars Christian Gormsen, Jacob Bejder, Thomas Krag, John Vissing, Hans Erik Botker, Henrik Christian Arendrup
Summary: The study investigated the cardiovascular conditions of elite breath-hold-divers (BHD) during maximum apneas, similar to diving mammals, and found that hypoxia during apnea may cause brady-arrythmias in BHD.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Alexander Patrician, Christopher Gasho, Boris Spajic, Hannah G. Caldwell, Darija Bakovic-Kramaric, Otto Barak, Ivan Drvis, Zeljko Dujic, Philip N. Ainslie
Summary: This study demonstrates the incredible tolerance of world-champion breath-hold divers to extreme levels of hydrostatic-induced lung compression. While acute impairments in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, mild extravascular lung fluid accumulation, noticeable intrathoracic discomfort, and evident nitrogen narcosis were present immediately following dives beyond 100m, they mostly resolved within a few hours.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Brandon G. Fico, Taha A. Alhalimi, Hirofumi Tanaka
Summary: The study found that central artery compliance increased during simulated breath-hold diving, helping buffer cardiac pulsations. Additionally, heart rate decreased to resting levels during simulated diving while cardiac output increased in all conditions.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Physiology
Danilo Cialoni, Andrea Brizzolari, Michele Samaja, Gerardo Bosco, Matteo Paganini, Massimo Pieri, Valentina Lancellotti, Alessandro Marroni
Summary: The study investigated changes in nitrate and nitrite (NOx) concentration, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) before, during, and after repetitive breath-hold dives in healthy volunteers. The results showed a significant increase in NOx at the bottom of dives, a decrease in TAC at the bottom, and no significant difference in TBARS throughout the protocol. The rapid return of NOx and TAC levels to pre-dive values suggested efficient endogenous antioxidant defenses activation.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Alexander Patrician, Frank Pernett, Angelica Lodin-Sundstrom, Erika Schagatay
Summary: The study found a correlation between B-line scores and decreased SpO(2) post-diving, suggesting that SpO(2) through pulse oximetry could be a useful screening tool. Divers with more severe symptoms of pulmonary edema had higher B-line scores and lower SpO(2) levels.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Danilo Cialoni, Andrea Brizzolari, Michele Samaja, Gerardo Bosco, Matteo Paganini, Nicola Sponsiello, Valentina Lancellotti, Alessandro Marroni
Summary: The study revealed that in breath-hold diving, divers with more experience have lower NO consumption, indicating a possible training-related adaptation process. Additionally, the decrease in NOx 30 minutes after diving is related to lower NO availability in the first few minutes after the dives, with expert breath-hold divers experiencing higher oxidative stress.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Sport Sciences
Danilo Cialoni, Andrea Brizzolari, Nicola Sponsiello, Valentina Lancellotti, Cesare Lori, Gerardo Bosco, Alessandro Marroni, Alessandra Barassi
Summary: This study found that during a BH-diving training session, there were significant increases in serum cardiac and skeletal muscle markers, indicating stress-related responses in muscles to physical effort. Further research is needed to better understand if these biomarker changes are linked to physical exercise or acute hypoxia.
SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Thomas Kjeld, Jakob Moller, Kristian Fogh, Egon Godthaab Hansen, Henrik Christian Arendrup, Anders Brenoe Isbrand, Bo Zerahn, Jens Hojberg, Ellen Ostenfeld, Henrik Thomsen, Lars Christian Gormsen, Marcus Carlsson
Summary: The study found that during maximum apnea, breath-hold divers showed increased myocardial blood flow and left ventricular wall thickness, along with decreased lactate levels, indicating anaerobic/fat-based cardiac metabolism similar to diving mammals.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Biology
J. Chris McKnight, Eric Mulder, Alexander Ruesch, Jana M. Kainerstorfer, Jingyi Wu, Naser Hakimi, Steve Balfour, Mathijs Bronkhorst, Joern M. Horschig, Frank Pernett, Katsufumi Sato, Gordon D. Hastie, Peter Tyack, Erika Schagatay
Summary: This study introduces a marinized CW-NIRS system deployed on elite competition freedivers to monitor cerebral haemodynamic changes and oxygenation during deep freediving. The study observed characteristic cerebral haemodynamic changes in apnoeic diving, elevations in venous blood volumes close to the end of diving, and pronounced arterial deoxygenation in some freedivers. The success of CW-NIRS in measuring a variety of physiological phenomena in deep-diving mammals highlights its potential as a future monitoring tool for human freedivers and free living animals.
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Mats H. Liner, Johan P. A. Andersson
AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
(2010)
Article
Physiology
Johan P. A. Andersson, Mats H. Liner, Henrik Jonsson
CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING
(2009)
Article
Physiology
Johan P. A. Andersson, Erika Schagatay
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2009)
Article
Physiology
Mats H. Liner, Johan P. A. Andersson
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2008)
Article
Physiology
Johan P. A. Andersson, Mats H. Liner, Henrik Jonsson
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2009)
Article
Physiology
Johan P. A. Andersson, Gustaf Biasoletto-Tjellstrom, Erika K. A. Schagatay
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY & NEUROBIOLOGY
(2008)
Article
Sport Sciences
J. P. A. Andersson, L. Evaggelidis
SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS
(2009)
Article
Physiology
Gustav Persson, Angelica Lodin-Sundstrom, Mats H. Liner, Samuel H. A. Andersson, Bodil Sjogreen, Johan P. A. Andersson
Summary: Research suggests that respiratory arrest plays an important role in stimulating splenic contraction and increasing hemoglobin concentration during apnea. Compared to rebreathing, the spleen volume decreases and hemoglobin increases during apnea, along with enhanced cardiovascular responses. During apnea, arterial oxygen saturation decreases while muscle and cerebral oxygen saturations remain relatively stable.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Physiology
Erika Schagatay, Johan P. A. Andersson, Bodil Nielsen
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2007)
Article
Physiology
Jens Wein, Johan P. Andersson, Johan Erdeus
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2007)
Article
Physiology
JPA Andersson, MH Linér, A Fredsted, EKA Schagatay
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2004)
Article
Physiology
JPA Andersson, MH Linér, E Rünow, EKA Schagatay
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2002)
Article
Physiology
E Schagatay, JPA Andersson, M Hallén, B Pålsson
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2001)
Article
Physiology
J Andersson, E Schagatay, A Gislén, B Holm
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2000)