Journal
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
Volume 44, Issue 12, Pages 1483-1489Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.045
Keywords
Ambient vapor-phase; Electrophiles; Particulate matters; Thiol proteins; Cell responses
Funding
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [RD-83241301]
- South Coast Air Quality Management District [040624]
- National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences [5P30 ES07048]
- Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, and Sports of Japan [18406003]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [22406004, 18406003] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Ambient vapor-phase samples collected in Riverside, California had shown that both redox and electrophilic activity were present, with the vapor phase containing higher levels of electrophiles than the particle phase. In this study, the biochemical effects of the vapor-phase electrophiles were examined using the purified thiol proteins, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and KELCH-1 like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). The results demonstrated that the thiol proteins were inactivated by the vapor-phase samples through covalent modifications. Next, two cellular responses, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), to the ambient vapor-phase samples were assessed in A549 and RAW 264.7 cell lines, respectively. The vapor-phase samples, at non-oxidative concentrations, increased phosphorylation of EGFR, which is negatively regulated by PTP1B, and its downstream MAP kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Activation of Nrf2, which requires Keap1 alkylation, and expression of its downstream proteins were also observed. The electrophilic compounds present in ambient vapor-phase were shown to modify cellular proteins through covalent modification and to activate diverse cellular responses that can lead to inflammatory and adaptive responses. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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