Characterization of Low-Level Winds of Southern and Coastal Delaware

Winds across the Delaware Peninsula transport pollutants, modify the temperature, and play a critical role within the state's agricultural and tourism industries. The low-level winds inland and near Delaware's coastline are characterized using observations from eight meteorological stations operated by the Delaware Environmental Observing System and the National Data Buoy Center from 2005 through 2012. The low-level winds have pronounced dominant directions during the summer (southwest/southeast) and winter (north-west) seasons, with the greatest spatial and temporal variability occurring in the summer. This inhomogeneity was further investigated with a set of simulations of the low-level winds over the Delaware Bay and surrounding landmass using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model for a subset of days from 2006 through 2012. The model was run with three nests, with the inner nest having a 2-km horizontal resolution. The randomly selected days were organized by synoptic type and season. Mesoscale wind events such as the sea-breeze circulation introduce significant variability in the local wind field of coastal Delaware-an effect that is seen in both observed and modeled data. Southerly winds off Delaware's coast frequently shift counter-clockwise up the Delaware Bay in alignment with the bay coastline. Long-term data from station B44009 (1984-2012) indicate a May decrease (0.03 m s(-1) yr(-1); significance p = 0.026) and an October increase (0.04 m s(-1) yr(-1); p = 0.006) of the mean wind speed. Results suggest that the local wind regime is multifaceted and contains significant seasonal, diurnal, and spatial variations.