Space missions to small bodies: asteroids and cometary nuclei

The knowledge of the physical and dynamical properties, distribution, formation, and evolution of small bodies is fundamental to understand how planet formation occurred and, even more importantly, if and how these objects have played a role in the apparition of life on Earth. In the last century, asteroids began to no longer appear as starlike points of light in our telescopes, but to be resolved worlds with distinctly measurable sizes, shapes, and surface morphologies. Only in the last 25 years, the exploration of small bodies by spacecraft has begun and revealed objects widely diverse in formation region, evolution and properties (e. g. shape, albedo density, gravity, regolith size distribution, and porosity). In this paper we will provide a chronological analysis of comet nuclei and asteroids as revealed by space missions. The real breakthrough began with the ESA Giotto mission in 1986 to the comet Halley, while the latest JAXA Hayabusa mission was devoted to hover above the small asteroid Itokawa with a touch-and-go for a sample return of asteroidal regolith. Comet and asteroid science stands at the threshold of a new exceptional era, with many new missions to be devoted to these widely diverse and still poorly known small bodies.