Risk factors for cardiovascular complications following total joint replacement surgery

Objective. To determine risk factors for cardiac complications following total joint replacement (TJR) surgery. Methods. We performed a case-control study of patients who had undergone a primary or revision total knee or total hip replacement surgery. Cases consisted of those who received a TJR and experienced a cardiac complication during the surgical admission period (myocardial infarction [MI], congestive heart failure [CHF], unstable angina, arrhythmia, symptomatic hypotension, or pulmonary embolus). Controls consisted of those who received a TJR and did not experience a cardiac complication during the surgical admission period. Controls were matched to the cases for age at surgery, year of surgery, and surgeon. Case and control status and identification of potential risk factors were ascertained by review of medical records. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of cardiac complications. Results. The sample included 209 cases and 209 controls. Factors associated with a higher risk of cardiac complications included a history of arrhythmia (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.6 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.5-4.31), a history of coronary artery disease, MI, CHF, or valvular heart disease (OR 1.6 [95% CI 0.9-2.61), revision surgery (OR 2.2 [95% CI 1.2-3.91), and bilateral surgery (adjusted OR 3.5 [95% CI 1.6-8.0]). Even though controls were matched for age (within age brackets), age was still associated with a higher risk of cardiac complications (OR 1.7 [95% CI 0.9-3.41). Conclusion. This case-control study identified 2 new risk factors for cardiac complications following TJR: bilateral and revision surgery. The study also confirmed previously documented risk factors, including older age at surgery and a history of arrhythmia and of other cardiac problems. These findings should help clinicians anticipate and prevent cardiac complications following TJR surgery.