Khat and synthetic cathinones: a review

Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) supports intravenous self-administration in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats

(2013) Shawn M. Aarde et al.   ADDICTION BIOLOGY

Sudden Cardiac Death Associated With Methylone Use

(2013) Peter N. Carbone et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY

Compartment Syndrome After “Bath Salts” Use: A Case Series

(2013) Michael Levine et al.   ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE

Studies on the metabolism and detectability of the designer drug β-naphyrone in rat urine using GC-MS and LC-HR-MS/MS

(2013) Markus R. Meyer et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

Intranasal Substituted Cathinone “Bath Salts” Psychosis Potentially Exacerbated by Diphenhydramine

(2013) Erik W. Gunderson et al.   Journal of Addiction Medicine

Two Fatal Intoxications with the New Designer Drug Methedrone (4-Methoxymethcathinone)

(2013) Maria Wikström et al.   JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY

Analysis of Synthetic Cathinones Commonly Found in Bath Salts in Human Performance and Postmortem Toxicology: Method Development, Drug Distribution and Interpretation of Results

(2013) L. J. Marinetti et al.   JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY

High levels of intravenous mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) self-administration in rats: Neural consequences and comparison with methamphetamine

(2013) Craig P Motbey et al.   JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

The novel recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a potent psychomotor stimulant: Self-administration and locomotor activity in rats

(2013) S.M. Aarde et al.   NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

An integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of a new drug of abuse, methylone, a synthetic cathinone sold as “bath salts”

(2013) Raúl López-Arnau et al.   PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY

Mephedrone pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration in rats: relation to pharmacodynamics

(2013) J. Martínez-Clemente et al.   PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Bath Salt Abuse: Neuropsychiatric Effects of Cathinone Derivatives

(2013) Anne M. Goshgarian et al.   PSYCHOSOMATICS

Potent rewarding and reinforcing effects of the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)

(2012) Lucas R. Watterson et al.   ADDICTION BIOLOGY

Serotonin Syndrome Associated With MDPV Use: A Case Report

(2012) Josh Mugele et al.   ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE

Hyperthermia and Multiorgan Failure After Abuse of “Bath Salts” Containing 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone

(2012) Heather A. Borek et al.   ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE

Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts): Legal Status and Patterns of Abuse

(2012) Jennifer A Fass et al.   ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY

Toxicity of amphetamines: an update

(2012) Márcia Carvalho et al.   ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY

Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) and d-methamphetamine improve visuospatial associative memory, but not spatial working memory, in rhesus macaques

(2012) MJ Wright Jr et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinonesin vitro

(2012) LD Simmler et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Comparative neuropharmacology of three psychostimulant cathinone derivatives: butylone, mephedrone and methylone

(2012) Raul López-Arnau et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Differential effects of cathinone compounds and MDMA on body temperature in the rat, and pharmacological characterization of mephedrone-induced hypothermia

(2012) SE Shortall et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Bath saltscomponents mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) act synergistically at the human dopamine transporter

(2012) Krasnodara N Cameron et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Synthetic legal intoxicating drugs: The emerging 'incense' and 'bath salt' phenomenon

(2012) J. JERRY et al.   CLEVELAND CLINIC JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Mephedrone (‘bath salt’) elicits conditioned place preference and dopamine-sensitive motor activation

(2012) Renata Lisek et al.   DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

Changes in ambient temperature differentially alter the thermoregulatory, cardiac and locomotor stimulant effects of 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone)

(2012) M.L. Miller et al.   DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

Prevalence and co-existence of active components of ‘legal highs’

(2012) Dariusz Zuba et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

In vitrometabolism studies on mephedrone and analysis of forensic cases

(2012) Anders Just Pedersen et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

Psychoactive “bath salts”: Not so soothing

(2012) Michael H. Baumann et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Behavioural and neurochemical comparison of chronic intermittent cathinone, mephedrone and MDMA administration to the rat

(2012) Sinead E. Shortall et al.   EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

“Legal highs”—Toxicity in the clinical and medico-legal aspect as exemplified by suicide with bk-MBDB administration

(2012) Sebastian Rojek et al.   FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL

Detection of buphedrone in biological and non-biological material – Two case reports

(2012) Dariusz Zuba et al.   FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL

Urinary excretion and metabolism of the newly encountered designer drug 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone in humans

(2012) N. Shima et al.   Forensic Toxicology

Excited delirium following use of synthetic cathinones (bath salts)

(2012) Thomas M. Penders et al.   GENERAL HOSPITAL PSYCHIATRY

Bath salt intoxication causing acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis

(2012) Hariharan Regunath et al.   Hemodialysis International

Distribution of Methylone in Four Postmortem Cases

(2012) B. M. Cawrse et al.   JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY

Three Fatal Intoxications Due to Methylone

(2012) J. M. Pearson et al.   JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY

Bath Salts: Not as Harmless as They Sound

(2012) Mark McGraw et al.   Journal of Emergency Nursing

The Characterization of 3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC)

(2012) Oliver Locos et al.   JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES

New cathinone-derived designer drugs 3-bromomethcathinone and 3-fluoromethcathinone: studies on their metabolism in rat urine and human liver microsomes using GC-MS and LC-high-resolution MS and their detectability in urine

(2012) Markus R. Meyer et al.   JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY

Mephedrone does not damage dopamine nerve endings of the striatum, but enhances the neurotoxicity of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and MDMA

(2012) Mariana Angoa-Pérez et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Elucidation of the Phase I and Phase II metabolic pathways of (±)-4′-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) and (±)-4′-(trifluoromethyl)methcathinone (4-TFMMC) in rat liver hepatocytes using LC–MS and LC–MS2

(2012) Osama I.G. Khreit et al.   JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS

Natural product ‘legal highs’

(2012) Warunya Arunotayanun et al.   NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTS

In vivo Effects of Abused ‘Bath Salt’ Constituent 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in Mice: Drug Discrimination, Thermoregulation and Locomotor Activity

(2012) William E Fantegrossi et al.   NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Powerful Cocaine-Like Actions of 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a Principal Constituent of Psychoactive ‘Bath Salts’ Products

(2012) Michael H Baumann et al.   NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Effects of synthetic cathinones contained in “bath salts” on motor behavior and a functional observational battery in mice

(2012) Julie A. Marusich et al.   NEUROTOXICOLOGY

Long-term cognitive and neurochemical effects of “bath salt” designer drugs methylone and mephedrone

(2012) Bjørnar den Hollander et al.   PHARMACOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR

Mephedrone in Adolescent Rats: Residual Memory Impairment and Acute but Not Lasting 5-HT Depletion

(2012) Craig P. Motbey et al.   PLoS One

Effect of Ambient Temperature on the Thermoregulatory and Locomotor Stimulant Effects of 4-Methylmethcathinone in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley Rats

(2012) M. Jerry Wright et al.   PLoS One

Comparison of the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of mephedrone with other drugs of abuse in rats

(2012) Kurt J. Varner et al.   PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Synthetic cathinones: Chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new class of designer drugs of abuse marketed as “bath salts” or “plant food”

(2012) M. Coppola et al.   TOXICOLOGY LETTERS

“Bath Salt” Ingestion Leading to Severe Intoxication Delirium: Two Cases and a Brief Review of the Emergence of Mephedrone Use

(2012) David P. Kasick et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE

A new designer drug: Methylone related death

(2012) Katalin Kovács et al.   ORVOSI HETILAP

Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, ‘meow’): acute behavioural effects and distribution of Fos expression in adolescent rats

(2011) Craig P. Motbey et al.   ADDICTION BIOLOGY

Recurrent Acute Kidney Injury Following Bath Salts Intoxication

(2011) Adedotun Adebamiro et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES

Sympathomimetic toxicity in a case of analytically confirmed recreational use of naphyrone (naphthylpyrovalerone)

(2011) Adrian Derungs et al.   CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs

(2011) Simon L. Hill et al.   CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

Clinical experience with and analytical confirmation of “bath salts” and “legal highs” (synthetic cathinones) in the United States

(2011) Henry A. Spiller et al.   CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

2010 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 28th Annual Report

(2011) Alvin C. Bronstein et al.   CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

Methylone and Monoamine Transporters: Correlation with Toxicity

(2011) Chiharu Sogawa et al.   Current Neuropharmacology

A web-based survey on mephedrone

(2011) R.L. Carhart-Harris et al.   DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

Emerging psychoactive substance use among regular ecstasy users in Australia

(2011) Raimondo Bruno et al.   DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

Naphyrone: a “legal high” not legal any more

(2011) Ioanna Vardakou et al.   DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY

Cathinone derivatives: A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology

(2011) John P. Kelly   Drug Testing and Analysis

The pharmacology and toxicology of the synthetic cathinone mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone)

(2011) Paul I. Dargan et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

Chemical analysis of two new designer drugs: buphedrone and pentedrone

(2011) Chad R. Maheux et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

A case of extreme agitation and death after the use of mephedrone in The Netherlands

(2011) Klaas J. Lusthof et al.   FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL

New designer drug of abuse: 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Findings from apprehended drivers in Finland

(2011) Pirkko Kriikku et al.   FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL

Recently abused β-keto derivatives of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylalkylamines: a review of their metabolisms and toxicological analysis

(2011) Kei Zaitsu et al.   Forensic Toxicology

Paranoid psychosis induced by consumption of methylenedioxypyrovalerone: two cases

(2011) Joseph L. Antonowicz et al.   GENERAL HOSPITAL PSYCHIATRY

Studies on the phase I metabolism of the new designer drug 3-fluoromethcathinone using rabbit liver slices

(2011) Evelyn Pawlik et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE

Mephedrone (4-Methylmethcathinone)-Related Deaths

(2011) P. D. Maskell et al.   JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY

The Designer Methcathinone Analogs, Mephedrone and Methylone, are Substrates for Monoamine Transporters in Brain Tissue

(2011) Michael H Baumann et al.   NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Khat Use Is Associated with Impaired Working Memory and Cognitive Flexibility

(2011) Lorenza S. Colzato et al.   PLoS One

Toxicological drivers issues in "legal highs" use

(2011) Gabriel Gorun et al.   Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine

Acute psychotic sequelae of “bath salts”

(2011) Joan M. Striebel et al.   SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH

Mephedrone, a new designer drug of abuse, produces acute hemodynamic effects in the rat

(2011) Harry Meng et al.   TOXICOLOGY LETTERS

Acute Liver Failure Secondary to Khat (Catha edulis)–Induced Necrotic Hepatitis Requiring Liver Transplantation: Case Report

(2011) P. Roelandt et al.   TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS

Spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema associated with mephedrone usage

(2011) ZN Maan et al.   ANNALS OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND

Mephedrone, new kid for the chop?

(2010) Adam R. Winstock et al.   ADDICTION

Beta-keto amphetamines: studies on the metabolism of the designer drug mephedrone and toxicological detection of mephedrone, butylone, and methylone in urine using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

(2010) Markus R. Meyer et al.   ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

An analysis of the ‘legal high’ mephedrone

(2010) Simon Gibbons et al.   BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS

Khat chewing in Yemen: turning over a new leaf

(2010) Leen Al-Mugahed   BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Case series of individuals with analytically confirmed acute mephedrone toxicity

(2010) David M. Wood et al.   CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

GHB and synthetic cathinones: clinical effects and potential consequences

(2010) Laurent Karila et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

The naphyrone story: The Alpha or Beta-naphthyl Isomer?

(2010) Simon D. Brandt et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

Analyses of second-generation ‘legal highs’ in the UK: Initial findings

(2010) Simon D. Brandt et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

Analysis of NRG ‘legal highs’ in the UK: identification and formation of novel cathinones

(2010) Simon D. Brandt et al.   Drug Testing and Analysis

Mephedrone toxicity in a Scottish emergency department

(2010) L. Regan et al.   EMERGENCY MEDICINE JOURNAL

Clinical characteristics of mephedrone toxicity reported to the UK National Poisons Information Service

(2010) D. James et al.   EMERGENCY MEDICINE JOURNAL

Headshop heartache: acute mephedrone 'meow' myocarditis

(2010) P. J. Nicholson et al.   HEART

Acute liver failure following recreational use of psychotropic “head shop” compounds

(2010) S. Fröhlich et al.   IRISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE

Khat use and monitoring drug use in Europe: The current situation and issues for the future

(2010) Paul Griffiths et al.   JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY

The ambiguity of khat in Somaliland

(2010) Peter Hansen   JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY

Khat chewing, cardiovascular diseases and other internal medical problems: The current situation and directions for future research

(2010) A. Al-Motarreb et al.   JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY

Studies on the metabolism of the α-pyrrolidinophenone designer drug methylenedioxy-pyrovalerone (MDPV) in rat and human urine and human liver microsomes using GC-MS and LC-high-resolution MS and its detectability in urine by GC-MS

(2010) Markus R. Meyer et al.   JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY

Instability of the ecstasy market and a new kid on the block: mephedrone

(2010) Tibor M Brunt et al.   JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

UK places generic ban on mephedrone drug family

(2010) Kelly Morris   LANCET

A harmless high?

(2010) Esther M Sammler et al.   LANCET

Liver disease and cirrhosis because of Khat chewing in UK Somali men: a case series

(2010) Camilla G. Peevers et al.   LIVER INTERNATIONAL

Association of Khat Chewing With Increased Risk of Stroke and Death in Patients Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndrome

(2010) Waleed M. Ali et al.   MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS

Severe, Acute Liver Injury and Khat Leaves

(2010) Michael H. Chapman et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; ‘meow meow’): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues

(2010) Fabrizio Schifano et al.   PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Toxicological determination and in vitro metabolism of the designer drug methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MPDV) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

(2010) Sabina Strano-Rossi et al.   RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY

Drugs for youth via Internet and the example of mephedrone

(2010) I. Vardakou et al.   TOXICOLOGY LETTERS

Illicit cathinone (“Hagigat”) poisoning

(2009) Yedidia Bentur et al.   CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

Neurotoxicity following chronic intravenous use of “Russian Cocktail”

(2009) Figen Varlibas et al.   CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

Fluoromethcathinone, a new substance of abuse

(2009) R.P. Archer   FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL

Determination of the metabolites of the new designer drugs bk-MBDB and bk-MDEA in human urine

(2009) Kei Zaitsu et al.   FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL

Differentiation of regioisomeric ring-substituted fluorophenethylamines with product ion spectrometry

(2009) F. Westphal et al.   FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL

Direct Analysis of Conjugate Metabolites of Methamphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and Their Designer Drugs in Biological Fluids

(2009) Noriaki Shima et al.   JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

New designer drug α‐pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP): studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques

(2009) Christoph Sauer et al.   JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY

Khat – a controversial plant

(2009) Erica E. Balint et al.   WIENER KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT

A review of the neuropharmacological properties of khat

(2008) Anteneh M. Feyissa et al.   PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY