Conversion of p-type to n-type conductivity in undoped ZnO films by increasing operating temperature

ZnO thin films with the thickness of about 15 nm on (0001) sapphire substrates were prepared by pulsed laser deposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that both as-grown and post-annealed ZnO thin films were oxygen-rich. H-2 sensing measurements of the films indicated that the conductivity type of both the unannealed and annealed ZnO films converted from p-type to n-type in process of increasing the operating temperature. However, the two films showed different conversion temperatures. The origin of the p-type conductivity in the unannealed and annealed ZnO films should be attributed to oxygen related defects and zinc vacancies related defects, respectively. The conversion of the conductivity type was due to the annealing out of the correlated defects. Moreover, p-type ZnO films can work at lower temperature than n-type ZnO films without obvious sensitivity loss. (C) 2010 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.