Article
Energy & Fuels
Sergey M. M. Frolov
Summary: This article discusses the potential of the emerging detonation gun technology to gasify organic wastes using a mixture of superheated steam and carbon dioxide. The technology is easily scalable and creates a highly reactive atmospheric-pressure environment in a compact water-cooled gasifier due to its high local temperature, shock-induced fragmentation of feedstock, and high-speed convective flows. This technology has the ability to convert solid and liquid wastes into syngas, microparticles, and aqueous solutions of oxygen-free acids, which can be used for energy production and chemical synthesis.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Obid Tursunov, Katarzyna Spiewak, Nurislom Abduganiev, Yang Yang, Alexander Kustov, Islom Karimov
Summary: This paper presents a study of thermogravimetric analysis and excurrent gas composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) and wood biomass gasification. Thermal analysis was used to determine the degradation stages of waste samples. Gasification experiments were conducted to analyze the syngas composition, which showed that higher temperatures improved hydrogen production while decreasing tar and solid yields.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yu-Shih Lin, Jia-Yun Tu, De-Hao Tsai
Summary: This study demonstrates a facile aerosol-based method to prepare hybrid nanostructures for catalyzing steam-promoted CO2 reforming with methane. The resulting NiPdOx-CeO2 nanoparticles deposited on SiO2 nanoparticle clusters exhibit superior catalytic performance at low temperatures, with high turnover frequency, tunable H2/CO ratio, and long-term operation stability. Incorporating SiO2 nanoparticle clusters as support material helps to enhance the dispersion of active metals and suppress metal sintering.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhigang Zhao, Weiguo Kong, Xiaoyong Zhang, Mingzhi Liu, Ping Cui
Summary: The study investigated the use of a disposable Ca-containing catalyst generated from calcium-rich construction demolition waste in the steam gasification of bituminous coal. It was found that increasing the catalyst loading amount significantly improved the molar yields of H2 and CO, with kneading method being an effective loading technique.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Shakirudeen A. Salaudeen, Bishnu Acharya, Animesh Dutta
Summary: This study numerically investigated the steam gasification of hydrochar derived from fruit wastes using Aspen Plus. The results showed that hydrothermal carbonization increased the CO content and decreased the CO2 content of the syngas, while HHV increased with pressure. Temperature had an impact on the composition of the syngas.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yun Lei, Rong Zhou
Summary: In this study, a thermodynamic model was developed using a commercial simulator to analyze the gasification behavior of biomass particles in the presence of CaO as CO2 sorbent. The model was validated with experimental results, showing good agreement. It was found that H-2 and CO2 increased as the SBR increased, while CO and CH4 showed an opposite trend. The simulated results also showed that the CO2 conversion ratio increased as the SBR increased.
ENERGY SOURCES PART A-RECOVERY UTILIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ge Kong, Xin Zhang, Kejie Wang, Linling Zhou, Jin Wang, Xuesong Zhang, Lujia Han
Summary: This study proposed a new concept of co-gasification integrated with inline steam reforming to improve the production of tunable H2/CO syngas and tar abatement. The use of self-derived gasification/co-gasification carbon materials (G/CGCMs) and a binary mixture of wheat straw and sewage sludge as feedstock resulted in higher gas yield, H2 yield, and syngas yield. The addition of sewage sludge also provided sufficient alkali metals and alkaline earth metals for catalytic cracking and reforming of intermediate tar.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jieyi Shen, Lishuang Wang, Xuedong He, Shun Wang, Jiadong Chen, Juan Wang, Huile Jin
Summary: In this study, a new class of Cu/In2O3 nanoparticles was prepared as superior electrocatalysts for CO2RR, which exhibited high CO/H-2 ratios and total faradaic efficiency in a wide potential range. The excellent performance of these catalysts was attributed to the electronic interaction between amorphous In2O3 and Cu, expanding the possibilities for designing and preparing fascinating electrocatalysts for CO2RR.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Ankit Sonthalia, Naveen Kumar, Mukul Tomar, Varuvel Edwin Geo, Subramanian Thiyagarajan, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
Summary: Energy is crucial for the economic development of any country, but developing countries often rely on imported oil. However, the fluctuating oil prices and environmental concerns associated with fossil fuels are major issues. To address these problems, developing countries have started investing in solar and wind power, and are exploring hydrogen and methanol as future energy resources.
CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Vineet Singh Sikarwar, Alan Maslani, Michal Hlina, Jafar Fathi, Tomas Mates, Michael Pohorely, Erik Meers, Michal Syc, Michal Jeremias
Summary: The growing global population and industrialization have resulted in an increased energy demand and waste generation. This has led to the use of fossil fuels without considering the consequences, causing an increase in CO2 levels and adverse climate change. The United Nations has developed Sustainable Energy Goal 13 to address this issue. Research has focused on advanced thermal plasma technology to convert diverse wastes into useful energy. The study evaluates the use of a thermal plasma system for waste treatment and the generation of syngas, with promising results towards SDG-13.
JOURNAL OF CO2 UTILIZATION
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Teng Zhang, Jingfeng Zhang, Yunsong Yu, Zaoxiao Zhang, Geoff G. X. Wang
Summary: An up-rotating plasma gasifier with a treatment capacity of 60 t/d is designed to effectively tackle and utilize industrial and medical wastes. It improves the structures of conventional plasma gasifier to improve the gasification performance and affords to produce syngas.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nhut Minh Nguyen, Falah Alobaid, Paul Dieringer, Bernd Epple
Summary: Biomass gasification is a promising renewable energy source that can replace fossil fuels, but faces challenges such as tar formation and low efficiency. Chemical looping gasification is considered a suitable pathway for producing valuable products from biomass. The review paper provides insights into the recent developments of biomass-based chemical looping gasification process.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Zhibin Liu, Chuankai Zhao, Longhao Cai, Xinman Long
Summary: A multi-stage model for H-2 rich syngas production from biomass gasification was developed in this study. The results showed that under specific conditions, high H-2 content and carbon conversion efficiency can be achieved.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yan Cao, Yu Bai, Jiang Du
Summary: Biomass was studied as a potential renewable energy source, and a model was developed to predict gasification characteristics and performances. The study found that gasification temperature significantly influenced gas composition and product yields, while equivalence ratio and steam/biomass ratio affected gasification characteristics.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Di Xie, Yi Zhong, Jingchun Huang, Bo Wang, Zhenqi Wang, Wei Hu, Changxi Zhao, Yu Qiao
Summary: In this study, the steam gasification performance of raw and torrefied mixed food wastes was investigated. Results showed that when cabbage was co-gasified with rice or pork, there was a synergistic promotion of H-2 and CO2 production. However, the interaction between pork and rice led to an inhibition effect on gas formation. Torrefaction pretreatment enhanced the synergistic promotions of H-2, CO2, and CO production for mixtures containing cabbage, and alleviated the inhibitory effect for mixtures of pork and rice. Overall, co-gasification of food waste with high AAEM content with another typical food waste and torrefaction pretreatment were found to improve gasification efficiency.
Review
Agricultural Engineering
Alvin B. Culaba, Andres Philip Mayol, Argel A. Bandala, Ronnie S. Concepcion Ii, Melchizedek Alipio, Wei-Hsin Chen, Pau Loke Show, Jo-Shu Chang, Jayne Lois G. San Juan, Aristotle T. Ubando
Summary: The increase in worldwide demand for energy is driven by population growth and economic development, leading to depletion of fossil fuel supplies and high greenhouse gas levels. Biorefineries, as a popular and carbon-neutral alternative, play a key role in the circular economy model. This paper critically reviews the challenges and future direction of biorefineries as an alternative carbon-neutral energy source.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Jihyeon Seo, Hyunjin Kim, Sugyeong Jeon, Soheil Valizadeh, Yasin Khani, Byong-Hun Jeon, Gwang Hoon Rhee, Wei-Hsin Chen, Shiung Lam, Moonis Ali Khan, Young-Kwon Park
Summary: Air gasification of Wood-Plastic Composite (WPC) using Ni-loaded HZSM-5 catalysts resulted in H2-rich gas. The catalytic activity was adversely affected by increasing the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (SAR) of HZSM-5. The highest gas yield and H2 selectivity were obtained using 20%Ni/HZSM-5(30). Reducing SAR led to an increase in acyclic compounds in oil products.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Taewoo Lee, Jung-Hun Kim, Yiu Fai Tsang, Wei-Hsin Chen, Doyeon Lee, Min-Woong Jung, Sungyup Jung, Eilhann E. Kwon
Summary: Construction waste is a significant environmental problem due to its landfilling/incineration treatment, which increases the risk of releasing microplastics, leachates, air pollutants, and toxic gases. However, there is still a lack of sustainable disposal methods for building plastic waste. This study proposes a cleaner and safer disposal platform for building insulator waste (BIW) by using CO2 as a detoxifying agent. Through catalytic pyrolysis, toxic chemicals in BIW can be transformed into syngas (H2/CO), and CO2 facilitates the conversion of toxic compounds into CO, reducing their hazardous effects. This research confirms the technical feasibility of catalytic pyrolysis under CO2 as a promising disposal method for BIW.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Aan Mohammad Nusrat Aman, Anurita Selvarajoo, Teck Leong Lau, Wei-Hsin Chen
Summary: The use of sustainable materials in construction industry has been increasing, as studies have proven the negative impact of conventional concrete on the environment. Research on biochar as a supplementary cementitious material has shown enhanced properties of biochar concrete and mortar composite. This study focuses on the physiochemical properties of palm kernel shell biochar and identifies the optimized parameters for its production as a cement substitute. The study also discusses the thermal properties of palm kernel shell biochar affected by pyrolysis factors. The findings support the use of palm waste as a sustainable material in construction.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Carlo L. Vinoya, Aristotle T. Ubando, Alvin B. Culaba, Wei-Hsin Chen
Summary: The decarbonization of the energy industry is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Small modular reactors (SMRs) are a promising technology for clean energy generation, comparable to other renewable energy sources. However, there are challenges in adopting and investing in SMRs in developing nations. A comprehensive review of SMRs is proposed to address technological, economic, environmental, and socio-political issues, while identifying areas for improvement.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhendi Ma, Siyu Qin, Yuping Zhang, Wei-Hsin Chen, Guosheng Jia, Chonghua Cheng, Liwen Jin
Summary: This paper proposes a three-dimensional model for deep-buried ground heat exchangers and investigates the effects of different boundary conditions on their thermal performance. The results show that the configuration of boundary conditions is closely related to the system's operating time and has a significant impact on the performance prediction.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Ria Aniza, Wei-Hsin Chen, Anelie Petrissans, Anh Tuan Hoang, Veeramuthu Ashokkumar, Mathieu Petrissans
Summary: Biowaste remediation and valorization focus on using biowaste-to-bioenergy conversion systems to prevent waste generation and promote environmental sustainability. Biomass waste, such as agriculture waste and algal residue, is widely studied as a potential feedstock for biowaste valorization due to its abundance. However, variability in feedstock, conversion costs, and supply chain stability hinder the widespread usage of bioenergy products. To overcome these challenges, artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied in biowaste remediation and valorization research to improve prediction models and decision-making processes.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Anh Tuan Hoang, Xuan Phuong Nguyen, Xuan Quang Duong, Umit Agbulut, Christophe Len, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen, Mohamed Kchaou, Wei-Hsin Chen
Summary: The biorefining process of lignocellulosic biomass is profitable for biofuel production, but pretreatment is necessary to improve efficiency. Among pretreatment methods, steam explosion is an eco-friendly and effective approach. This review critically presents the mechanism and characteristics of steam explosion for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment and discusses the impacts on pretreatment efficiency and biofuel production.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Ruizhen Li, Congyu Zhang, Wei-Hsin Chen, Eilhann E. Kwon, Saravanan Rajendran, Ying Zhang
Summary: Biochar is important for reducing biowaste and remediating the environment. Modifying biochar for better performance is a concern. P-doped biochar from soybean straw can be used to remove water pollutants and as an alternative to fossil fuel.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Wei-Hsin Chen, Partha Pratim Biswas, Eilhann E. Kwon, Young-Kwon Park, Saravanan Rajendran, Lalitha Gnanasekaran, Jo-Shu Chang
Summary: Catalytic pyrolysis of plastics to produce oil is a promising and cost-effective solution with renewable and sustainable characteristics. This research compares the efficiency of statistical optimization techniques for catalytic plastic pyrolysis reactions and identifies key factors influencing oil production, such as the catalyst-to-plastic ratio and types of acidic catalysts. The results show that the optimal values of pyrolysis parameters, including reaction temperature and residence time, significantly impact the oil yield.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yasin Khani, Soheil Valizadeh, Hyunji Yim, Wei-Hsin Chen, Chang Hyun Ko, See Hoon Lee, Sang-Chul Jung, Young-Kwon Park
Summary: In this study, catalytic air gasification of plastic waste-derived wax was conducted using Ni/X-Al2O3 catalysts for the first time. The use of Ni/X-Al2O3 catalysts resulted in higher activity and selectivity compared to the use of 10Ni/Al catalyst. Particularly, the addition of Ti effectively reduced coke yield and enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity for H2 production. Increasing the temperature and adjusting the catalyst-to-feedstock ratio also affected gas yield and H2 selectivity.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei-Hsin Chen, Partha Pratim Biswas, Aristotle T. Ubandoe, Eilhann E. Kwon, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, Hwai Chyuan Ong
Summary: This research used artificial neural networks (ANNs) to optimize operating parameters for the catalytic thermochemical conversion of methanol and ethanol, and investigated their impact on hydrogen production. The study found that peak methanol conversion (99%) occurred at a lower temperature of 300 degrees C, while peak ethanol conversion (85%) occurred at 500 degrees C. The ANN technique is cost-effective, quick, and precise, and has vast potential for hydrogen energy production and industrial applications.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Congyu Zhang, Meng Wang, Wei-Hsin H. Chen, Ying Zhang, Anelie Petrissans, Mathieu Petrissans, Shih-Hsin H. Ho
Summary: A two-stage treatment of torrefaction followed by modification was employed to enhance the moisture resistance performance of microalgal biochar. The modified biochar exhibited longer preservation time, superhydrophobicity, and superlipophilicity. The adsorption capacity of oil by the modified biochar was influenced by torrefaction temperature and oil species, and higher torrefaction temperature increased the adsorption quantity.
Article
Thermodynamics
Congyu Zhang, Yong Zhan, Wei-Hsin Chen, Shih-Hsin Ho, Young-Kwon Park, Alvin B. Culaba, Ying Zhang
Summary: This study evaluates the relationship between torrefaction parameters and fuel properties using various indicators. It finds that some indicators can accurately reflect the changes in different fuel properties. Additionally, the variations of torrefaction severity index and contact angle are correlated to the changes in the fuel property of the torrefied biochar.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Larissa Richa, Baptiste Colin, Anelie Petrissans, Jasmine Wolfgram, Ciera Wallace, Rafael L. Quirino, Wei-Hsin Chen, Mathieu Petrissans
Summary: This study evaluates the possibility of using catalytic torrefaction as a pretreatment to improve wood pyrolysis and combustion for greener biochar production. The findings show that catalytic torrefaction can significantly decrease the devolatilization peak during combustion, making the wood's combustion similar to that of coal.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shitong Fang, Houfan Du, Tao Yan, Keyu Chen, Zhiyuan Li, Xiaoqing Ma, Zhihui Lai, Shengxi Zhou
Summary: This paper proposes a new type of nonlinear VIV energy harvester (ANVEH) that compensates for the decrease in peak energy output at low wind speeds by introducing an auxiliary structure. Theoretical and experimental results show that ANVEH performs better than traditional nonlinear VIV energy harvesters under various system parameter variations.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei Jiang, Shuo Zhang, Teng Wang, Yufei Zhang, Aimin Sha, Jingjing Xiao, Dongdong Yuan
Summary: A standardized method was developed to evaluate the availability of solar energy resources in road areas, which combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Geographic Information System (GIS). By analyzing critical factors and using a multi-indicator evaluation method, the method accurately evaluated the utilization of solar energy resources and guided the optimal location selection for road photovoltaic (PV) projects. The results provided guidance for the application of road PV projects and site selection for route corridors worldwide, promoting the integration of transportation and energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chang Liu, Jacob A. Wrubel, Elliot Padgett, Guido Bender
Summary: The study investigates the effects of coating defects on the performance of the anode porous transport layer (PTL) in water electrolyzers. The results show that an increasing fraction of uncoated regions on the PTL leads to decreased cell performance, with continuous uncoated regions having a more severe impact compared to multiple thin uncoated strips.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Marcos Tostado-Veliz, Xiaolong Jin, Rohit Bhakar, Francisco Jurado
Summary: In this paper, a coordinated charging price mechanism for clusters of parking lots is proposed. The research shows that enabling vehicle-to-grid characteristics can bring significant economic benefits for users and the cluster coordinator, and vehicle-to-grid impacts noticeably on the risk-averse character of the uncertainty-aware strategies. The developed pricing mechanism can reduce the cost for users, avoiding to directly translate the energy cost to charging points.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Duan Kang
Summary: Building an energy superpower is a key strategy for China and a long-term goal for other countries. This study proposes an evaluation system and index for measuring energy superpower, and finds that China has significantly improved its ranking over the past 21 years, surpassing other countries.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fucheng Deng, Yifei Wang, Xiaosen Li, Gang Li, Yi Wang, Bin Huang
Summary: This study investigated the synergistic blockage mechanism of sand and hydrate in gravel filling layer and the evolution of permeability in the layer. Experimental models and modified permeability models were established to analyze the effects of sand particles and hydrate formation on permeability. The study provided valuable insights for the safe and efficient exploitation of hydrate reservoirs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hao Wang, Xiwen Chen, Natan Vital, Edward Duffy, Abolfazl Razi
Summary: This study proposes a HVAC energy optimization model based on deep reinforcement learning algorithm. It achieves 37% energy savings and ensures thermal comfort for open office buildings. The model has a low complexity, uses a few controllable factors, and has a short training time with good generalizability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Moyue Cong, Yongzhuo Gao, Weidong Wang, Long He, Xiwang Mao, Yi Long, Wei Dong
Summary: This study introduces a multi-strategy ultra-wideband energy harvesting device that achieves high power output without the need for external power input. By utilizing asymmetry, stagger array, magnetic coupling, and nonlinearity strategies, the device maintains a stable output voltage and high power density output at non-resonant frequencies. Temperature and humidity monitoring are performed using Bluetooth sensors to adaptively assess the device.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tianshu Dong, Xiudong Duan, Yuanyuan Huang, Danji Huang, Yingdong Luo, Ziyu Liu, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Chaolong Song
Summary: Electrochemical water splitting is crucial for hydrogen production, and improving the hydrogen separation rate from the electrode is essential for enhancing water electrolyzer performance. However, issues such as air bubble adhesion to the electrode plate hinder the process. Therefore, a methodology to investigate the two-phase flow within the electrolyzer is in high demand. This study proposes using a microfluidic system as a simulator for the electrolyzer and optimizing the two-phase flow by manipulating the micro-structure of the flow.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuo Han, Yifan Yuan, Mengjiao He, Ziwen Zhao, Beibei Xu, Diyi Chen, Jakub Jurasz
Summary: Giving full play to the flexibility of hydropower and integrating more variable renewable energy is of great significance for accelerating the transformation of China's power energy system. This study proposes a novel day-ahead scheduling model that considers the flexibility limited by irregular vibration zones (VZs) and the probability of flexibility shortage in a hydropower-variable renewable energy hybrid generation system. The model is applied to a real hydropower station and effectively improves the flexibility supply capacity of hydropower, especially during heavy load demand in flood season.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhen Wang, Kangqi Fan, Shizhong Zhao, Shuxin Wu, Xuan Zhang, Kangjia Zhai, Zhiqi Li, Hua He
Summary: This study developed a high-performance rotary energy harvester (AI-REH) inspired by archery, which efficiently accumulates and releases ultralow-frequency vibration energy. By utilizing a magnetic coupling strategy and an accumulator spring, the AI-REH achieves significantly accelerated rotor speeds and enhanced electric outputs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yi Yang, Qianyi Xing, Kang Wang, Caihong Li, Jianzhou Wang, Xiaojia Huang
Summary: In this study, a novel hybrid Quantile Regression (QR) model is proposed for Probabilistic Load Forecasting (PLF). The model integrates causal dilated convolution, residual connection, and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) for multi-scale feature extraction. In addition, a Combined Probabilistic Load Forecasting System (CPLFS) is proposed to overcome the inherent flaws of relying on a single model. Simulation results show that the hybrid QR outperforms traditional models and CPLFS exceeds the best benchmarks in terms of prediction accuracy and stability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wen-Jiang Zou, Young-Bae Kim, Seunghun Jung
Summary: This paper proposes a dynamic prediction model for capacity fade in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The model accurately predicts changes in electrolyte volume and capacity fade, enhancing the competitiveness of VRFBs in energy storage applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuechao Ma, Shengtie Wang, Guangchen Liu, Guizhen Tian, Jianwei Zhang, Ruiming Liu
Summary: This paper focuses on the balance of state of charge (SOC) among multiple battery energy storage units (MBESUs) and bus voltage balance in an islanded bipolar DC microgrid. A SOC automatic balancing strategy is proposed considering the energy flow relationship and utilizing the adaptive virtual resistance algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in achieving SOC balancing and decreasing bus voltage unbalance.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Raad Z. Homod, Basil Sh. Munahi, Hayder Ibrahim Mohammed, Musatafa Abbas Abbood Albadr, Aissa Abderrahmane, Jasim M. Mahdi, Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida, Bilal Naji Alhasnawi, A. S. Albahri, Hussein Togun, Umar F. Alqsair, Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Summary: In this study, the control problem of the multiple-boiler system (MBS) is formulated as a dynamic Markov decision process and a deep clustering reinforcement learning approach is applied to obtain the optimal control policy. The proposed strategy, based on bang-bang action, shows superior response and achieves more than 32% energy saving compared to conventional fixed parameter controllers under dynamic indoor/outdoor actual conditions.