Article
Microbiology
Shawn T. Clark, Kirby Cronin, Antoine J. Corbeil, Samir N. Patel
Summary: This work provides an updated summary of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among Salmonella Typhi strains isolated from patients in Ontario, Canada. The emergence and spread of resistant strains have complicated the epidemiology and treatment of typhoid fever. A 10-year retrospective survey showed stable susceptibility patterns for certain drugs but an increase in nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, indicating the need for healthcare providers to consider current trends in antimicrobial susceptibility for proper therapy selection.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Sophie Octavia, Ka Lip Chew, Raymond T. P. Lin, Jeanette W. P. Teo
Summary: Global travel has led to the occasional introduction of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi into industrialized countries. Azithromycin-resistant Salmonella Typhi has been detected in Singapore, with 2 isolates likely being locally acquired. Ongoing vigilance and surveillance are necessary to minimize the public health risk posed by this serious pathogen.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Stephy Mol Robinson, Vyshakh Rajachandran, Suchismita Majumdar, Satabdi Saha, Sneha Das, Sujay Chattopadhyay
Summary: Detecting adaptive mutations leading to gene inactivation or loss of function is crucial for understanding the evolution of bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance. Truncation mutations, which trim the length of encoded proteins, can contribute to gene inactivation. This study analyzed the accumulation of truncation mutations in two serovars of Salmonella, finding distinct sets of core truncated genes in each serovar. These truncation mutations were acquired by different subsets of isolates and were also targeted by convergent amino acid mutations in different serovars, suggesting adaptation. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of adaptive truncation mutations on bacterial virulence evolution.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Ashraf Hussain, Eugene Boon Beng Ong, Prabha Balaram, Asma Ismail, Phua Kia Kien
Summary: Our study aimed to investigate the effects of deleting tolC on the adhesion and invasion of HT-29 epithelial cells and THP-1 macrophages by S. Typhi in vitro. Our results showed that the tolC mutant strain had significantly reduced adhesion and invasion rates compared to the wild-type strain in both cell types. Additionally, we observed downregulation of SPI-1 gene expression in the tolC mutant.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Microbiology
Wan Ratmaazila Wan Wan Makhtar, Izwan Bharudin, Nurul Hidayah Samsulrizal, Nik Yusnoraini Yusof
Summary: The advancement in whole-genome sequencing technology in recent years has revolutionized the study of infectious diseases, providing new insights into various fields related to infectious diseases. By examining the genomes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, researchers have enhanced their understanding of genetic evolution and pathogenic mechanisms, potentially advancing the development of typhoid vaccines and medications.
Review
Microbiology
Maryam Khan, Saba Shamim
Summary: S. Typhi is a pathogen causing typhoid fever, with over 27 million cases and 200,000 deaths globally each year. The pathogen causes infection through various virulence factors, including resistance genes, leading to resistance to multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics. The issue of antibiotic resistance has raised global concern.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
M. S. Bacchu, M. R. Ali, S. Das, S. Akter, H. Sakamoto, S- Suye, M. M. Rahman, K. Campbell, M. Z. H. Khan
Summary: An electrochemical DNA biosensor was fabricated for the selective identification of S. Typhi in real samples. The biosensor showed a low limit of detection and the ability to be reused multiple times. The experimental results demonstrated the high feasibility and accuracy of using this biosensor for detecting S. Typhi in clinical and food samples.
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Hao Tang, Ziyang Zhan, Xiucheng Liu, Ying Zhang, Xinxiang Huang, Min Xu
Summary: Propionate, a major constituent of short chain fatty acids, has been found to reduce the viability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) in macrophages through propionylation of PhoP. This modification decreases the phosphorylation and DNA-binding ability of PhoP, resulting in reduced intracellular survival of S. Typhi. These findings provide a potential molecular mechanism by which propionate affects the virulence of S. Typhi.
MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Debayan Ganguli, Swarnali Chakraborty, Suparna Chakraborty, Ananda Pal, Animesh Gope, Santasabuj Das
Summary: Antibiotic resistance is a major threat to public health worldwide. This study investigates the temporary and reversible resistance induced by antibiotic treatment, specifically focusing on the development of L-form bacteria in response to ampicillin. The researchers cultured ampicillin-sensitive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Ty2 strain in increasing concentrations of ampicillin over 14 days, resulting in the development of an L-form strain with altered characteristics and increased pathogenicity. These findings highlight the potential for drug escape and cell-to-cell spread of bacteria during antibiotic treatment and the need for new approaches to reduce infection reservoirs.
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Jessica N. N. Uwanibe, Tolulope A. A. Kayode, Paul E. E. Oluniyi, Kazeem Akano, Idowu B. B. Olawoye, Chinedu A. A. Ugwu, Christian T. T. Happi, Onikepe A. A. Folarin
Summary: This study aims to elucidate the role of asymptomatic carriers in the transmission and persistence of typhoid fever in Nigeria and other endemic countries. The findings show a high seroprevalence of Salmonella Typhi in healthy children, but no carriage, indicating an inability to sustain transmission. It also highlights the insufficiency of using a single technique for typhoid fever surveillance in healthy children living in endemic areas.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Kokab Jabeen, Sidrah Saleem, Summiya Nizamuddin, Faiqa Arshad, Shah Jahan, Faisal Hasnain, Waleed Tariq, Muhammad Junaid Tahir, Zohaib Yousaf, Muhammad Sohaib Asghar
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azithromycin (AZM) in clinical isolates of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi using the E-test versus the broth microdilution method. The study was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan and included 150 XDR Salmonella Typhi isolates. The results showed a high concordance between the E-test and broth microdilution method for determining the MIC of azithromycin.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Po-Yu Liu, Kung-Ching Wang, Yu-Ping Hong, Bo-Han Chen, Zhi-Yuan Shi, Chien-Shun Chiou
Summary: The first imported case of XDR typhoid fever in Taiwan is linked to a bacterial strain closely related to Pakistan. Treatment for XDR typhoid fever should involve a combination of meropenem and an antimicrobial with intracellular activity against Salmonella.
JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Lovely Barai, Md Rokibul Hasan, Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq, Chowdhury Rafiqul Ahsan
Summary: Serum salmonellacidal antibody can be used to detect the functional capacity of antibody in patients with enteric fever and after typhoid vaccination. The study found that patients with typhoid and paratyphoid A had significantly higher levels of salmonellacidal antibody titers compared to the control group, and the titers increased significantly with the duration of fever. However, the titers significantly decreased after a certain period of illness. Additionally, although low salmonellacidal titers were detected after Vi CPS vaccine among the human volunteers, the mean titer increased after vaccination.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Aqsa Shaheen, Fouzia Ismat, Mazhar Iqbal, Abdul Haque, Zaheer Ul-Haq, Osman Mirza, Rita De Zorzi, Thomas Walz, Moazur Rahman
Summary: This study characterized a multidrug transporter styMdtM from Salmonella, showing the importance of residues Asp25 and Arg111 in substrate transport. The findings provide new insights into the structural and mechanistic aspects of the Salmonella MDR transporter styMdtM.
PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Sadanand Dangari Akshay, Karanth Padyana Anupama, Vijaya Kumar Deekshit, Anusha Rohit, Biswajit Maiti
Summary: This study evaluated the expression of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in Salmonella Typhi at sub-lethal concentrations of ceftriaxone. The results revealed the potential involvement of OMPs in the drug resistance of S. Typhi, providing insights for the development of therapeutic strategies against multi-drug resistant isolates of S. Typhi.
WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Kamran Sadiq, Fatima Mir, Uswa Jiwani, Suhail Chanar, Apsara Nathwani, Muhammad Jawwad, Amjad Hussain, Arjumand Rizvi, Shah Muhammad, Muhammad Atif Habib, Sajid Bashir Soofi, Shabina Ariff, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Summary: Diarrhoea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, and Pakistan has a high burden of diarrhoea-related deaths. This study identifies risk factors associated with diarrhoea in children under 23 months, including younger maternal age, higher paternal education, not breastfeeding, and poverty. This has implications for developing prevention programs and strategies targeting high-risk populations.
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Peter N. von Dadelszen, Jeffrey Bone, Akshdeep Sandhu, J. Mark N. Ansermino, Rahat Qureshi, Charfudin Sacoor, Esperanca Sevene, Jing Li, Marianne B. Vidler, Mrutyunjaya A. Bellad, Zulfiqar T. Bhutta, Dustin S. Dunsmuir, Shivaprasad A. Goudar, Ashalata Mallapur, Khatia A. Munguambe, Guy A. Dumont, Laura Magee
Summary: To inform digital health design by evaluating diagnostic test properties of antenatal blood pressure (BP) outputs and levels to identify women at risk of adverse outcomes.
BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Health Care Sciences & Services
Xiaoqin Wang, Omar Dewidar, Anita Rizvi, Jimmy Huang, Payaam Desai, Rebecca Doyle, Elizabeth Ghogomu, Tamara Rader, Stuart G. Nicholls, Alba Antequera, Alison Krentel, Beverley Shea, Billie-Jo Hardy, Catherine Chamberlain, Charles S. Wiysonge, Cindy Feng, Clara Juando-Prats, Daeria O. Lawson, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Elizabeth Kristjansson, Erik von Elm, Harry Wang, Holly Ellingwood, Hugh Sharma Waddington, Jacqueline Ramke, Janet Elizabeth Jull, Janet Hatcher-Roberts, Janice Tufte, Julian Little, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, Laura Weeks, Loveline Lum Niba, Luis Gabriel Cuervo, Luke Wolfenden, Mwenya Kasonde, Marc T. Avey, Melissa K. Sharp, Michael Johnson Mahande, Miriam Nkangu, Olivia Magwood, Peter Craig, Peter Tugwell, Sarah Funnell, Stephen G. Noorduyn, Tamara Kredo, Tanya Horsley, Taryn Young, Tomas Pantoja, Zulfiqar Bhutta, Andrea Martel, Vivian A. Welch
Summary: This study aims to evaluate the support from existing guidance on reporting health equity in research and identify additional items. A total of 34 resources were included, which supported candidate items and contributed to new items. The existing resources aligned with the candidate items and additional items were identified for the development of a guideline. Rating: 7 out of 10.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Elina Khatri, Kedar Baral, Amit Arjyal, Rajesh Kumar Yadav, Sushila Baral
Summary: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents from nine schools in a Sub-metropolitan city of Nepal to determine the prevalence and risk factors of overweight. The study found that overweight has become a concerning issue among urban adolescents due to their unhealthy lifestyle habits. It is therefore important to emphasize the importance of healthy food habits and physical activity for adolescents to maintain a healthy weight.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Veeraraghavan Balaji, Duy M. M. Dinh, Anne V. V. Kane, Sajid Soofi, Imran Ahmed, Arjumand Rizvi, Meera Chatterjee, Sudhir Babji, Joanne Duara, Joy Moy, Elena N. N. Naumova, Christine A. A. Wanke, Honorine D. D. Ward, Zulfiqar A. A. Bhutta
Summary: This longitudinal study in Sindh, Pakistan found that age, residential location, and intervention had significant effects on the composition, relative abundance, and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in children under 24 months of age. The study highlights the importance of longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes to fully understand the intestinal microbiota of children in resource-limited settings.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Bernardette Cichon, Jai K. Das, Rehana A. Salam, Zahra A. Padhani, Heather C. Stobaugh, Muzna Mughal, Patrizia Pajak, Alexandra Rutishauser-Perera, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Robert E. Black
Summary: Currently, there are no WHO guidelines for the management of moderately wasted children worldwide. This review aimed to synthesize evidence on the best type, quantity, and duration of dietary treatment for moderate wasting. The study found that fortified blended foods (FBFs) with improved micronutrient and/or milk content (enhanced FBFs) and lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) had similar recovery rates, while children treated with non-enhanced FBFs had lower recovery rates than those treated with LNS. There was no significant difference in recovery when ready-to-use therapeutic and ready-to-use supplementary food were compared.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Nadia Amin Somani, Keiko Marshall, Hammad Durrani, Kun Tang, Roman Mogilevskii, Zulfiqar Bhutta
Summary: This study conducts a systematic review of existing frameworks to understand the roles of the for-profit private sector in non-communicable disease control and management. The findings suggest that the private sector can contribute to effectively manage and control NCDs globally through various functions, such as healthcare provision, innovation, knowledge education, investment and financing, public-private partnerships, and governance and policy.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jo-Anna B. Baxter, Yaqub Wasan, Amjad Hussain, Sajid B. Soofi, Imran Ahmed, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Summary: This study aimed to characterize the burden of malnutrition and assess the underlying determinants at different levels among late adolescent and young women in rural Pakistan. The study found that poverty played a significant role in undernutrition.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Aamer Imdad, Fanny F. Chen, Melissa Francois, Momal Sana, Emily Tanner-Smith, Abigail Smith, Olivia Tsistinas, Jai K. Das, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Summary: The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effects of routinely administering antibiotics to infants under 6 months of age with growth failure/faltering. However, the literature search yielded no eligible studies to address this question. Future studies with sufficient sample sizes are needed to evaluate the potential risks and benefits of antibiotics in malnourished infants under 6 months of age.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Jai K. Das, Rehana A. Salam, Arjumand Rizvi, Sajid B. Soofi, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Summary: Despite the decline in under-five mortality, communicable and infectious diseases remain the main causes of child mortality that can be prevented and treated. A study was conducted in rural Pakistan to evaluate the potential impact of a participatory community engagement and innovative community incentivization strategy for improving child health interventions. The evaluation involved a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of community mobilization and incentivization, community mobilization only, and a control group.
METHODS AND PROTOCOLS
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Zahid Ali Memon, Abeer Mian, Sophie Reale, Rachael Spencer, Zulfiqar Bhutta, Hora Soltani
Summary: Unmet need for family planning is high in Pakistan due to lack of access to modern contraception and sociocultural hindrances. This study aims to explore barriers and enablers to modern contraception uptake in order to reduce maternal and child mortality and improve reproductive health outcomes.
JMIR FORMATIVE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Sarah Funnell, Janet Jull, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, Vivian Welch, Omar Dewidar, Xiaoqin Wang, Miranda Lesperance, Elizabeth Ghogomu, Anita Rizvi, Elie A. Akl, Marc T. Avey, Alba Antequera, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Catherine Chamberlain, Peter Craig, Luis Gabriel Cuervo, Alassane Dicko, Holly Ellingwood, Cindy Feng, Damian Francis, Regina Greer-Smith, Billie-Jo Hardy, Matire Harwood, Janet Hatcher-Roberts, Tanya Horsley, Clara Juando-Prats, Mwenya Kasonde, Michelle Kennedy, Tamara Kredo, Alison Krentel, Elizabeth Kristjansson, Laurenz Langer, Julian Little, Elizabeth Loder, Olivia Magwood, Michael Johnson Mahande, G. J. Melendez-Torres, Ainsley Moore, Loveline Lum Niba, Stuart G. Nicholls, Miriam Nguilefem Nkangu, Daeria O. Lawson, Ekwaro Obuku, Patrick Okwen, Tomas Pantoja, Jennifer Petkovic, Mark Petticrew, Kevin Pottie, Tamara Rader, Jacqueline Ramke, Alison Riddle, Larissa Shamseer, Melissa Sharp, Bev Shea, Peter Tanuseputro, Peter Tugwell, Janice Tufte, Erik Von Elm, Hugh Sharma Waddington, Harry Wang, Laura Weeks, George Wells, Howard White, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Luke Wolfenden, Taryn Young
Summary: The goal of this project is to develop a reporting guideline extension for health equity in observational studies. The project will involve assessing published studies, seeking international feedback, establishing consensus, evaluating relevance to Indigenous peoples, and widely disseminating the guidelines.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Farah Asif, Faisal Sultan, Iqra Masood, Shahtaj Baig, Perihan Elif Ekmecki, Vina Vaswani, Zulfiqar Bhutta, Francis Crawley
Summary: This paper presents a systematic scoping review on research ethics committees, institutional review boards, and ethics review framework in Pakistan. The study identifies four key insights, including the lack of regulation and accreditation of these committees, the absence of formal training for committee members, pressures that hinder independent decision-making, and various issues affecting the functionality and performance of these committees.
JOURNAL OF THE PAKISTAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2023)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Leila Harrison, Zahra Padhani, Rehana Salam, Christina Oh, Komal Rahim, Maria Maqsood, Anna Ali, Kimberly Charbonneau, Emily C. Keats, Zohra S. Lassi, Aamer Imdad, Aatekah Owais, Jai Das, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Summary: This review comprehensively synthesizes new emerging evidence on topics related to complementary feeding. The lack of relevant information makes it difficult to draw conclusions on the ideal feeding schedule and food type. Studies on the effects of animal milk versus infant formula for non-breastfed infants are limited but indicate a greater risk of anemia with cow's milk. Successful interventions for improving micronutrient status and anthropometry during complementary feeding include fortified blended foods, supplementary foods, and nutrient supplements. Complementary feeding education can improve nutrition outcomes for infants in both food secure and insecure populations.
Article
Biology
Hao Chung The, Phuong Pham, Tuyen Ha Thanh, Linh Vo Kim Phuong, Nguyen Phuong Yen, Son-Nam H. Le, Duong Vu Thuy, Tran Thi Hong Chau, Hoang Le Phuc, Nguyen Minh Ngoc, Lu Lan Vi, Alison E. Mather, Guy E. Thwaites, Nicholas R. Thomson, Stephen Baker, Duy Thanh Pham
Summary: Salmonella enterica serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- (Typhimurium monophasic variant) of sequence type (ST) 34 has emerged as the predominant pandemic genotype in recent decades. This study conducted detailed genomic investigations on ST34 genomes collected from Vietnam and diverse geographical sources, revealing multiple introductions of ST34 into Vietnam since 2000 and the formation of major clones responsible for pediatric diarrhoea and bloodstream infection. The study also identified Southeast Asia as a potential hub for the emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistant Salmonella ST34.
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2023)