The E2F Transcription Factor 1 Transactives Stathmin 1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Through data mining the Stanford Microarray Database, the stathmin 1 (STMN1) transcript was found to be frequently upregulated in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with low alpha-fetoprotein level. The molecular mechanism of STMN1 upregulation in HCCs remained unclear. Quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and transfection of expression or small hairpin RNA interference plasmids, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and quantitative ChIP assays were performed in HCC specimens or 2 distinct HCC-derived cell lines. Dual luciferase assay and site-directed mutagenesis were applied to analyze the activities of STMN1 proximal promoter region. STMN1 mRNA and proteins were significantly associated with several clinicopathological features. High STMN1 or E2F1 immunoexpression was predictive of poor overall survival (OS) rate (P < .01). In HCC-derived cell lines, E2F1 was elevated before STMN1 mRNA during the cell cycle. Exogenous expression of E2F1 or both transcription factor DP-1 (TFDP1) and E2F1 genes induced E2F1 and STMN1 mRNA (P < .01). Knockdown of the E2F1 gene suppressed E2F1 and STMN1 mRNA and E2F1 and STMN1 protein levels (P < .05). The promoter activity of STMN1 gene increased with overexpression of both E2F1 and TFDP1 genes (P < .05); however, it decreased when mutations were introduced in the E2F1-binding sites (P < .05). Upregulation of E2F1 and STMN1 proteins associate with worse outcomes in patients with HCC. E2F1 significantly correlates with STMN1 protein level in HCC lesions and in vitro transactivation assays, suggesting that STMN1 gene is transactivated by the E2F1 protein.