Journal
ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA
Volume 110, Issue 3, Pages 934-941Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181c95cfa
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- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Bonn, Germany [We 2440-1/1]
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BACKGROUND: Recent data indicate that ketamine exerts antiinflammatory actions. However, little is known about the signaling mechanisms involved in ketamine-induced immune modulation. In this study, we investigated the effects of ketamine on lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in human leukocyte-like cell lines and in human blood neutrophils. METHODS: Electric mobility shift assays were used to investigate ketamine's effects on nuclear binding activity of both transcription factors in U937 cells, and a whole blood flow cytometric technique was used for AP-1 and NF-kappa B determination in leukocytes. Cell lines with different expression patterns of opioid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors were used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to investigate receptors involved in ketamine signaling. Ketamine's effect on interleukin-8 production was assessed in a whole blood assay. RESULTS: Ketamine inhibited both transcription factors in a concentration-dependent manner. These effects did not depend on opiate or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Ketamine also reduced interleukin-8 production in whole blood and expression of CD11b and CD16 on neutrophils. CONCLUSION: The immunoinhibitory effects of ketamine are at least in part caused by inhibition of transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1, which regulate production of proinflammatory mediators. However, signaling mechanisms different from those present in the central nervous system are responsible for ketamine-mediated immunomodulation. (Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 934-41)
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