Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer After High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy: The Value of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging, Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI, and T2-Weighted Imaging in Localizing Tumors

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to retrospectively evaluate the utility of prostate MRI for detecting locally recurrent prostate cancer after high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixteen men with biochemical failure after HDR brachytherapy for prostate cancer underwent prostate MRI, including T2-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), using a 1.5-T MRI unit before 12-core-specimen biopsy. Two radiologists in consensus assessed the presence of tumor on each sequence within eight regions of the prostate (six from the peripheral zone [PZ] and two from the transition zone [TZ]) on the basis of biopsy. RESULTS. Biopsy revealed locally recurrent prostate cancer in 22 (17 in PZ and five in TZ) of 128 regions (17.2%). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each MRI method in the detection of recurrent tumor were 27%, 99%, and 87%, respectively, for T2-weighted imaging; 50%, 98%, and 90%, respectively, for DCE-MRI; and 68%, 95%, and 91%, respectively, for DWI. The sensitivity of DWI in detecting recurrent tumor was significantly higher than that of T2-weighted imaging (p = 0.004). Multiparametric MRI achieved the highest sensitivity (77%) but with slightly decreased specificity (92%). CONCLUSION. These results indicate that a multiparametric MRI protocol that includes DWI provides a sensitive method to detect local recurrence after HDR brachytherapy.