Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART A
Volume 152A, Issue 2, Pages 528-536Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33276
Keywords
fetal alcohol syndrome; fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; photogrammetry; geometric morphometrics; anthropometry; facial shape; 3D imaging
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The facial anomalies associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), some of which are also present in individuals with less severe forms of the broader category of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), are typically identified with the aid of linear distance measurements taken between facial landmarks. Digital facial imaging methods are increasingly being used in syndrome delineation. Distance measurements derived from stereo-photogrammetry and facial surface imaging have been used to study the FAS facial anomalies. Geometric morphometric methods capture the spatial arrangement between landmarks, providing a statistical platform for comparison of facial shapes, and have been shown to hold promise for characterizing the FAS facial shape. W e review the progression in the use of imaging and image analysis methods in studies on the facial phenotype associated with FAS. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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