Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiaoyang Shi, Hang Xiao, Weifeng Liu, Klaus. S. Lackner, Vitalik Buterin, Thomas F. Stocker
Summary: The distributed consensus mechanism is essential for the development of blockchain networks. The Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism currently used in blockchain platforms consumes a significant amount of electricity. This study introduces the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism as an alternative that can eliminate the excessive energy consumption of PoW-based blockchain. It analyzes the energy consumption and carbon footprint of PoW-based and PoS-based Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchain platforms and highlights the urgent need to develop PoS mechanism for sustainable blockchain technology.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Wolfgang Grimme
Summary: The aviation industry needs to reduce its climate impact, and sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are favored as an option by European policymakers. These fuels have significantly reduced carbon emissions compared to fossil fuels. A mandatory quota for the use of sustainable fuels is likely to be introduced in Europe starting from 2025. However, the introduction of a blending mandate faces challenges.
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Sigrun Matthes, David S. Lee, Ruben Rodriguez De Leon, Ling Lim, Bethan Owen, Agnieszka Skowron, Robin N. Thor, Etienne Terrenoire
Summary: This article provides a comprehensive review of the global climate effect of supersonic aviation and summarizes previous studies in this field. It compares quantitative estimates for individual effects and summarizes regulatory issues and future research requirements related to supersonic aviation.
Article
Transportation
Peter Hemmings, Michael Mulheron, Richard J. Murphy, Matt Prescott
Summary: Airports play a critical role in achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions in the air transport systems. A framework for net zero airports is developed through literature review and reviewed against the sustainability documents of 14 UK airport organizations. While most strategies align with best practice in terms of approach, there are gaps in scope and lack of clear plans for offsetting and greenhouse gas removal.
JOURNAL OF AIR TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Aerospace
Luke L. Jensen, Philippe A. Bonnefoy, James I. Hileman, Jay T. Fitzgerald
Summary: This paper examines the potential pathways and requirements to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions from the US commercial aviation sector by 2050. The study finds that a progressive decoupling of emissions from traffic growth is necessary to meet the sector's goal, which predicts a 2.0% annual growth in aviation traffic. To achieve this, advancements in aircraft technology, operational efficiency improvements, sustainable aviation fuels, and market-based measures are considered as emissions reductions measures. The analysis framework generates low, medium, and high emission reduction scenarios for each measure. The study suggests that retiring older aircraft, introducing advanced aircraft technologies, and improving operations can contribute to emissions reductions. The remaining emissions will be addressed through a combination of sustainable fuels and market-based measures.
PROGRESS IN AEROSPACE SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Transportation
Rachel Burbidge, Christopher Paling, Rachel M. Dunk
Summary: The changing climate will have significant impacts on the aviation sector, including operational, infrastructure, and economic effects. It is crucial for the industry to understand and adapt to these risks due to its importance in global connectivity and mobility. This article provides a systematic review of academic research on climate change impacts and adaptation in aviation, identifying key areas for action to address knowledge gaps and improve climate adaptation services.
Article
Transportation
Arora Arnadottir, Michal Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen
Summary: The study explores how urbanites justify their international air travel despite climate change awareness, with themes such as shifting responsibility, compensatory behaviors, and lack of knowledge. Policy suggestions include kerosene tax, mandatory carbon offsetting, and emphasizing other sources of well-being to challenge the social norm around frequent travel. It is crucial to better communicate the specific climate impacts of flights and work towards global emission reductions to keep warming below 1.5 degrees.
TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Akshat Agarwal, Vincent R. Meijer, Sebastian D. Eastham, Raymond L. Speth, Steven R. H. Barrett
Summary: Model-based estimates of aviation's climate impacts have found that contrails contribute significantly to aviation's radiative forcing. However, current models overestimate the number and lifetime of contrails, and reanalysis data incorrectly identify the regions where contrails can form.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Letter
Psychology, Biological
Greer K. Gosnell, Morgan D. Bazilian
Summary: Donald Trump's presidency saw the dismantling of many of Barack Obama's policy legacies, particularly in regard to climate. The Biden administration will have the opportunity to undo these reversals and put America back on the climate map.
NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Moslem Savari, Mohammad Shokati Amghani
Summary: The study found that farmers lack high levels of adaptation, further factor analysis revealed that they adopted different adaptation strategies such as self-control, active, and integrated strategies. Structural equation modeling showed that social, environmental, infrastructure, and economic factors have a significant positive impact on farmers' selection of adaptation strategies, while human-related factors have an insignificant impact on adopting the strategies.
ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
(2021)
Article
Education & Educational Research
Sharon Stein
Summary: This article discusses the calls for universities to deepen sustainability commitments in the face of climate change. It argues that due to the complexity and lack of clear solutions in addressing climate change, universities are unlikely to reach a consensus on a single approach to sustainability. The article reviews critiques of current university sustainability efforts including greenwashing, climate colonialism, and (techno)solutionism. It presents three different approaches to sustainability: mainstream sustainability, critical sustainability, and beyond sustainability. The article suggests that universities need to create spaces for critical, complexity-based discussions about the role of higher education institutions in pluralizing possible futures on a shared, living planet in order to remain relevant in the context of wicked problems like climate change.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Neil Grant, Adam Hawkes, Shivika Mittal, Ajay Gambhir
Summary: The study highlights the importance of addressing the risks of mitigation deterrence and increasing mitigation efforts in the short term due to uncertainties in future CDR deployment. Additionally, there is a need for additional emissions reductions if there is a risk of specific CDR deployment failures in the future.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Economics
Esteban Perez-Calderon, Patricia Milanes-Montero, Cristina Gutierrez-Perez
Summary: This study examines how the European aviation sector has adapted to the Emissions Trading Scheme and predicts future trends using cluster analysis and modeling. Results indicate larger airlines performed better in eco-efficiency, while companies with a low-cost strategy lagged behind in CO2 emission efficiency.
Editorial Material
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jim Falk, Rita R. Colwell, Swadhin K. Behera, Adel S. El-Beltagy, Peter H. Gleick, Charles F. Kennel, Yuan Tseh Lee, Cherry A. Murray, Ismail Serageldin, Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Tetsuzo Yasunari, Chiho Watanabe, Joanne Kauffman, Kurt Soderland, Ismahane Elouafi, Raj Paroda, Ashok K. Chapagain, John Rundle, Naota Hanasaki, Haruo Hayashi, Ebun Akinsete, Sachiko Hayashida
Summary: The past 12 months have further confirmed the potential for ecological and socio-political crises that were previously warned about. Extreme climate events, pandemics, and wars have compounded the risks and challenges faced by vulnerable populations. RACC proposes measures to enhance the resilience of these populations in the face of emerging crises.
SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Simon Matti, Jonas Nassen, Jorgen Larsson
Summary: This study examines the impact of different revenue uses on public attitudes towards environmental taxation, and finds that both tax level and revenue use significantly influence policy acceptance. Interestingly, directing the revenues towards aviation biofuels generates the most positive attitudes towards the policy.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Environmental Studies
Simon Bullock, James Mason, Alice Larkin
Summary: International shipping heavily relies on fossil fuels and emits a considerable amount of carbon dioxide annually, making emission reduction actions crucial for global climate change efforts. The article re-evaluates the sector's emission reduction targets, highlighting the need for significantly stronger short- and longer-term goals to align with the Paris Agreement.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jaise Kuriakose, Kevin Anderson, Deborah Darko, Emmanuel Obuobie, Alice Larkin, Salifu Addo
Summary: Research shows that shallow reservoirs in the tropics emit significant greenhouse gas emissions. In Ghana, although existing and planned hydro resources may only account for less than 1% of their future energy demand, their cumulative emissions can consume 40% of the country's carbon budget under the Paris Agreement. Therefore, instead of constructing more dams, it would be more aligned with the Paris goals for Ghana to focus on energy efficiency and diversifying renewable energy options.
ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Studies
Simon Bullock, Eliott Higgins, James Crossan, Alice Larkin
Summary: Shore power is a proven technology that can reduce carbon emissions from the shipping sector while improving air quality. However, its global deployment has been slow due to economic barriers, including high capital costs, high taxes on land-side electricity, and the lack of taxation on ships' fuel oils. This article presents a case study of the Port of Aberdeen in Scotland to explore how the economic case for shore power can be improved. By engaging port users, suppliers, and the national government, a collaborative approach can accelerate the deployment of shore power and align the sector's carbon pathway with the goals of the Paris Agreement.
Article
Engineering, Marine
James Mason, Alice Larkin, Alejandro Gallego-Schmid
Summary: Reducing the shipping sector's contribution to climate change requires urgent emission reductions this decade. Combining sails with efficient routing can amplify the performance of each technology, but the impact of stochastic uncertainty from wind forecasts is unknown. This study presents a novel approach to characterize this uncertainty and shows that an adaptive weather routing strategy can reduce uncertainty and reliably amplify carbon savings from wind propulsion technology.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Simon Bullock, Claire Hoolohan, Alice Larkin
Summary: Shore power connects ships to land-side electricity grids, reducing fuel use in port and cutting carbon dioxide emissions and air pollution. However, the global deployment of shore power, especially in countries like the UK, is slow. This study uses two theoretical frameworks to identify barriers to UK shore power deployment, including the need for capital funding and taxation policies. It also highlights the low status of shipping in the political hierarchy as a hindrance to implementation. Strengthening interactions between shipping actors is crucial for increasing political pressure and implementing policies supporting shore power and shipping as a whole. These changes are essential for meeting the emission reduction targets of the Paris Agreement in UK shipping.
Article
Engineering, Marine
James Mason, Alice Larkin, Simon Bullock, Nico van der Kolk, John F. Broderick
Summary: Combining voyage optimisation with wind propulsion can significantly reduce carbon emissions in the global shipping sector. Voyage optimisation amplifies carbon savings to over 30% on ideal routes, and reducing shipping speeds further increases the savings. The combination of all technologies can reduce carbon emissions by up to 60%, demonstrating the potential of existing technologies in reducing shipping's carbon footprint.
Article
Environmental Studies
Claire Hoolohan, Carly McLachlan, Christopher Jones, Alice Larkin, Christina Birch, Sarah Mander, John Broderick
Summary: Scope 3 emissions from the UK higher education sector are globally significant, with long-distance air travel and catering being particularly emissions-intensive aspects. Universities recognize their role in creating demand for such emissions, but lack specific emission reduction targets and action plans. Achieving greater cohesion in reporting and target-setting across the sector is crucial to raise ambition and identify opportunities for institutions to disrupt professional practices for emissions reduction.
Article
Environmental Studies
M. Sharmina, O. Y. Edelenbosch, C. Wilson, R. Freeman, D. E. H. J. Gernaat, P. Gilbert, A. Larkin, E. W. Littleton, M. Traut, D. P. van Vuuren, N. E. Vaughan, F. R. Wood, C. Le Quere
Summary: This study highlights the necessity of significant emission reductions in critical sectors such as aviation, shipping, road freight transport, and industry to limit global warming to 1.5-2 degrees C, as technological supply-side options alone may not be sufficient to achieve rapid decarbonisation. Policy priorities include promoting affordable alternatives to air travel, enhancing connectivity between low-carbon travel modes, reducing transportation speed and demand for fossil fuels, as well as encouraging distributed manufacturing and a shift towards a circular economy. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique opportunity to implement lasting CO2 emissions reductions by reducing reliance on carbon removal technologies through significant demand reductions for critical sectors' activities.
Article
Environmental Studies
Ioan Fazey, Niko Schapke, Guido Caniglia, Anthony Hodgson, Ian Kendrick, Christopher Lyon, Glenn Page, James Patterson, Chris Riedy, Tim Strasser, Stephan Verveen, David Adams, Bruce Goldstein, Matthias Klaes, Graham Leicester, Alison Linyard, Adrienne McCurdy, Paul Ryan, Bill Sharpe, Giorgia Silvestri, Ali Yansyah Abdurrahim, David Abson, Olufemi Samson Adetunji, Paulina Aldunce, Carlos Alvarez-Pereira, Jennifer Marie Amparo, Helene Amundsen, Lakin Anderson, Lotta Andersson, Michael Asquith, Karoline Augenstein, Jack Barrie, David Bent, Julia Bentz, Arvid Bergsten, Carol Berzonsky, Olivia Bina, Kirsty Blackstock, Joanna Boehnert, Hilary Bradbury, Christine Brand, Jessica Bohme, Marianne Mille Bojer, Esther Carmen, Lakshmi Charli-Joseph, Sarah Choudhury, Supot Chunhachoti-ananta, Jessica Cockburn, John Colvin, Irena L. C. Connon, Rosalind Cornforth, Robin S. Cox, Nicholas Cradock-Henry, Laura Cramer, Almendra Cremaschi, Halvor Dannevig, Catherine T. Day, Cathel de Lima Hutchison, Anke de Vrieze, Vikas Desai, Jonathan Dolley, Dominic Duckett, Rachael Amy Durrant, Markus Egermann, Emily Elsner (Adams), Chris Fremantle, Jessica Fullwood-Thomas, Diego Galafassi, Jen Gobby, Ami Golland, Shiara Kirana Gonzalez-Padron, Irmelin Gram-Hanssen, Jakob Grandin, Sara Grenni, Jade Lauren Gunnell, Felipe Gusmao, Maike Hamann, Brian Harding, Gavin Harper, Mia Hesselgren, Dina Hestad, Cheryl Anne Heykoop, Johan Holmen, Kirsty Holstead, Claire Hoolohan, Andra-Ioana Horcea-Milcu, Lummina Geertruida Horlings, Stuart Mark Howden, Rachel Angharad Howell, Sarah Insia Huque, Mirna Liz Inturias Canedo, Chidinma Yvonne Iro, Christopher D. Ives, Beatrice John, Rajiv Joshi, Sadhbh Juarez-Bourke, Dauglas Wafula Juma, Bea Cecilie Karlsen, Lea Kliem, Andreas Klaey, Petra Kuenkel, Iris Kunze, David Patrick Michael Lam, Daniel J. Lang, Alice Larkin, Ann Light, Christopher Luederitz, Tobias Luthe, Cathy Maguire, Ana-Maria Mahecha-Groot, Jackie Malcolm, Fiona Marshall, Yiheyis Maru, Carly McLachlan, Peter Mmbando, Subhakanta Mohapatra, Michele-Lee Moore, Angela Moriggi, Mark Morley-Fletcher, Susanne Moser, Konstanze Marion Mueller, Mutizwa Mukute, Susan Muhlemeier, Lars Otto Naess, Marta Nieto-Romero, Paula Novo, Karen O'Brien, Deborah Anne O'Connell, Kathleen O'Donnell, Per Olsson, Kelli Rose Pearson, Laura Pereira, Panos Petridis, Daniela Peukert, Nicky Phear, Siri Renee Pisters, Matt Polsky, Diana Pound, Rika Preiser, Md. Sajidur Rahman, Mark S. Reed, Philip Revell, Iokine Rodriguez, Briony Cathryn Rogers, Jascha Rohr, Milda Nordbo Rosenberg, Helen Ross, Shona Russell, Melanie Ryan, Probal Saha, Katharina Schleicher, Flurina Schneider, Morgan Scoville-Simonds, Beverley Searle, Samuel Petros Sebhatu, Elena Sesana, Howard Silverman, Chandni Singh, Eleanor Sterling, Sarah-Jane Stewart, J. David Tabara, Douglas Taylor, Philip Thornton, Theresa Margarete Tribaldos, Petra Tschakert, Natalia Uribe-Calvo, Steve Waddell, Sandra Waddock, Liza van der Merwe, Barbara van Mierlo, Patrick van Zwanenberg, Sandra Judith Velarde, Carla-Leanne Washbourne, Kerry Waylen, Annika Weiser, Ian Wight, Stephen Williams, Mel Woods, Ruth Wolstenholme, Ness Wright, Stefanie Wunder, Alastair Wyllie, Hannah R. Young
ENERGY RESEARCH & SOCIAL SCIENCE
(2020)
Article
Economics
A. Larkin, C. Hoolohan, C. McLachlan
Article
Business
Claire Hoolohan, Carly McLachlan, Alice Larkin
TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE
(2019)
Article
Geography
Claire Hoolohan, Iain Soutar, James Suckling, Angela Druckman, Alice Larkin, Carly McLachlan
GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL
(2019)
Article
Geography
Marian Scott, Alice Larkin
GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL
(2019)
Article
Environmental Studies
Conor Walsh, Nicholas-Joseph Lazarou, Michael Traut, James Price, Carlo Raucci, Maria Sharmina, Paolo Agnolucci, Sarah Mander, Paul Gilbert, Kevin Anderson, Alice Larkin, Tristan Smith
Article
Environmental Studies
Alice Larkin, Jaise Kuriakose, Maria Sharmina, Kevin Anderson