Journal
INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION
Volume 104, Issue -, Pages 324-332Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.06.016
Keywords
Dicamba; Microbial degradation; Sphingomonads; O-demethylation; Tetrahydrofolic acid-dependent O-demethylase
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Dicamba, a chlorinated benzoic acid herbicide, is widely used to control broadleaf weeds. In this study, two dicamba-degrading sphingomonads Sphingobium sp. Ndbn-10 and Sphingomonas sp. Ndbn-20 were isolated from activated sludge and compost samples, respectively. Both isolates could completely degrade and utilize dicamba, but strain Ndbn-10 possessed relatively higher dicamba degradation efficiency than strain Ndbn-20. The degradation of dicamba in both isolates was initiated by O-demethylation to generate 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (DCSA) but through different mechanisms. For Sphingobium sp. Ndbn-10, O-demethylation is catalyzed by a NADH-dependent dicamba monooxygenase (DMO), whereas in Sphingomonas sp. Ndbn-20, a tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)-dependent O-demethylase is responsible for the O-demethylation. Our results suggest that sphingomonads can rapidly and efficiently adapt to degrading dicamba through the evolution of different metabolic pathway mechanisms and highlight a novel THF-dependent dicamba O-demethylation mechanism in bacteria. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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