Engineering 2D Architectures toward High-Performance Micro-Supercapacitors

In Situ Growth of Layered Bimetallic ZnCo Hydroxide Nanosheets for High-Performance All-Solid-State Pseudocapacitor

(2018) Zhichang Pan et al.   ACS Nano

A 2D Conductive Organic-Inorganic Hybrid with Extraordinary Volumetric Capacitance at Minimal Swelling

(2018) Kefeng Xiao et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Achieving Insertion-Like Capacity at Ultrahigh Rate via Tunable Surface Pseudocapacitance

(2018) Teng Zhai et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Exploring Two-Dimensional Materials toward the Next-Generation Circuits: From Monomer Design to Assembly Control

(2018) Mengqi Zeng et al.   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

Recent progress and perspectives of metal oxides based on-chip microsupercapacitors

(2018) Tingting Huang et al.   CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS

High phase-purity 1T′-MoS2- and 1T′-MoSe2-layered crystals

(2018) Yifu Yu et al.   Nature Chemistry

N-doped graphdiyne for high-performance electrochemical electrodes

(2018) Hong Shang et al.   Nano Energy

Robust and conductive two-dimensional metal−organic frameworks with exceptionally high volumetric and areal capacitance

(2018) Dawei Feng et al.   Nature Energy

Controllable Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Two-Dimensional Heterostructures

(2018) Tao Zhang et al.   Chem

Acid-Assisted Exfoliation toward Metallic Sub-nanopore TaS2 Monolayer with High Volumetric Capacitance

(2017) Jiajing Wu et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Two-Dimensional Water-Coupled Metallic MoS2 with Nanochannels for Ultrafast Supercapacitors

(2017) Xiumei Geng et al.   NANO LETTERS

Metallic Vanadium Disulfide Nanosheets as a Platform Material for Multifunctional Electrode Applications

(2017) Qingqing Ji et al.   NANO LETTERS

Recent progress in layered double hydroxide based materials for electrochemical capacitors: design, synthesis and performance

(2017) Mingming Zhao et al.   Nanoscale

2D Metal-Organic Frameworks Derived Nanocarbon Arrays for Substrate Enhancement in Flexible Supercapacitors

(2017) Ximeng Liu et al.   Small

A New Facile Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide from Tungsten Disulfide: Structure Dependent Supercapacitor and Negative Differential Resistance Properties

(2017) Debasish Mandal et al.   Small

Rapid mass production of two-dimensional metal oxides and hydroxides via the molten salts method

(2017) Zhimi Hu et al.   Nature Communications

Holey two-dimensional transition metal oxide nanosheets for efficient energy storage

(2017) Lele Peng et al.   Nature Communications

Hierarchical porous carbons with layer-by-layer motif architectures from confined soft-template self-assembly in layered materials

(2017) Jie Wang et al.   Nature Communications

Molecularly Stacking Manganese Dioxide/Titanium Carbide Sheets to Produce Highly Flexible and Conductive Film Electrodes with Improved Pseudocapacitive Performances

(2017) Weihong Liu et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Achieving High Pseudocapacitance of 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) by Cation Intercalation and Surface Modification

(2017) Jian Li et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Opening Two-Dimensional Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage: A Concept

(2017) Yinghui Xue et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Hierarchical Structures Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

(2017) Lina Cong et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

2D MOF Nanoflake-Assembled Spherical Microstructures for Enhanced Supercapacitor and Electrocatalysis Performances

(2017) Huicong Xia et al.   Nano-Micro Letters

Growth of NiMn LDH nanosheet arrays on KCu7S4 microwires for hybrid supercapacitors with enhanced electrochemical performance

(2017) Xiao Long Guo et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

A black/red phosphorus hybrid as an electrode material for high-performance Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors

(2017) Xinhang Chen et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

General solution-processed formation of porous transition-metal oxides on exfoliated molybdenum disulfides for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

(2017) Kai Wang et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Bifunctional 2D-on-2D MoO3 nanobelt/Ni(OH)2 nanosheets for supercapacitor-driven electrochromic energy storage

(2017) Liangliang Zhu et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Binder-free WS2 nanosheets with enhanced crystallinity as a stable negative electrode for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors

(2017) Si Liu et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Synthesis of few-layer 1T′-MoTe2 ultrathin nanosheets for high-performance pseudocapacitors

(2017) Ming Liu et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials for electrochemical hydrogen evolution

(2017) Yunxu Chen et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

2D WC single crystal embedded in graphene for enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction

(2017) Mengqi Zeng et al.   Nano Energy

2D MOF Nanoflake-Assembled Spherical Microstructures for Enhanced Supercapacitor and Electrocatalysis Performances

(2017) Huicong Xia et al.   Nano-Micro Letters

Carbon-based supercapacitors for efficient energy storage

(2017) Xuli Chen et al.   National Science Review

Black Phosphorus: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications in Energy Conversion and Storage

(2017) Yinghui Xue et al.   ChemNanoMat

Ultra-high-rate pseudocapacitive energy storage in two-dimensional transition metal carbides

(2017) Maria R. Lukatskaya et al.   Nature Energy

2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage

(2017) Babak Anasori et al.   Nature Reviews Materials

Enhanced Pseudocapacitive Performance of α-MnO2 by Cation Preinsertion

(2016) Nawishta Jabeen et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

High-Capacitance Mechanism for Ti3C2Tx MXene by in Situ Electrochemical Raman Spectroscopy Investigation

(2016) Minmin Hu et al.   ACS Nano

Direct Growth of MoS2/h-BN Heterostructures via a Sulfide-Resistant Alloy

(2016) Lei Fu et al.   ACS Nano

Pseudocapacitive Na-Ion Storage Boosts High Rate and Areal Capacity of Self-Branched 2D Layered Metal Chalcogenide Nanoarrays

(2016) Dongliang Chao et al.   ACS Nano

High-Performance One-Body Core/Shell Nanowire Supercapacitor Enabled by Conformal Growth of Capacitive 2D WS2 Layers

(2016) Nitin Choudhary et al.   ACS Nano

Hierarchical Ni-Co Hydroxide Petals on Mechanically Robust Graphene Petal Foam for High-Energy Asymmetric Supercapacitors

(2016) Guoping Xiong et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Stacked-Layer Heterostructure Films of 2D Thiophene Nanosheets and Graphene for High-Rate All-Solid-State Pseudocapacitors with Enhanced Volumetric Capacitance

(2016) Zhong-Shuai Wu et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors based on Liquid-Exfoliated Black-Phosphorus Nanoflakes

(2016) Chunxue Hao et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Atomic-Sized Pores Enhanced Electrocatalysis of TaS2Nanosheets for Hydrogen Evolution

(2016) Hui Li et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Extremely Weak van der Waals Coupling in Vertical ReS2 Nanowalls for High-Current-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

(2016) Qin Zhang et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Phosphate Ion Functionalized Co3O4Ultrathin Nanosheets with Greatly Improved Surface Reactivity for High Performance Pseudocapacitors

(2016) Teng Zhai et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Ultraflexible In-Plane Micro-Supercapacitors by Direct Printing of Solution-Processable Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene

(2016) Zhaoyang Liu et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Design of Architectures and Materials in In-Plane Micro-supercapacitors: Current Status and Future Challenges

(2016) Dianpeng Qi et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Superior Electrical Conductivity in Hydrogenated Layered Ternary Chalcogenide Nanosheets for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors

(2016) Xin Hu et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

A Two-Dimensional Zirconium Carbide by Selective Etching of Al3C3from Nanolaminated Zr3Al3C5

(2016) Jie Zhou et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Electrochemical capacitors: mechanism, materials, systems, characterization and applications

(2016) Yonggang Wang et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

Ultrahigh Voltage Synthesis of 2D Amorphous Nickel-Cobalt Hydroxide Nanosheets on CFP for High Performance Energy Storage Device

(2016) Huarong Peng et al.   ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA

All-MXene (2D titanium carbide) solid-state microsupercapacitors for on-chip energy storage

(2016) You-Yu Peng et al.   Energy & Environmental Science

Graphdiyne nanostructures as a new electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitors

(2016) Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

Highly efficient supercapacitor electrode with two-dimensional tungsten disulfide and reduced graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets

(2016) Chao-Chi Tu et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

Edge-to-Edge Oriented Self-Assembly of ReS2 Nanoflakes

(2016) Qin Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Synthesis of Two-Dimensional CoS1.097/Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanocomposites Using Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets as Precursors for Supercapacitor Application

(2016) Feifei Cao et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Conductive MOF electrodes for stable supercapacitors with high areal capacitance

(2016) Dennis Sheberla et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Microsupercapacitors as miniaturized energy-storage components for on-chip electronics

(2016) Nana Amponsah Kyeremateng et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

NMR reveals the surface functionalisation of Ti3C2 MXene

(2016) Michael A. Hope et al.   PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS

Twinned growth behaviour of two-dimensional materials

(2016) Tao Zhang et al.   Nature Communications

Discovery of a new type of topological Weyl fermion semimetal state in MoxW1−xTe2

(2016) Ilya Belopolski et al.   Nature Communications

Pure and stable metallic phase molybdenum disulfide nanosheets for hydrogen evolution reaction

(2016) Xiumei Geng et al.   Nature Communications

Array of nanosheets render ultrafast and high-capacity Na-ion storage by tunable pseudocapacitance

(2016) Dongliang Chao et al.   Nature Communications

CoNi2S4-Graphene-2D-MoSe2as an Advanced Electrode Material for Supercapacitors

(2016) Jianfeng Shen et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Highly Flexible, Freestanding Supercapacitor Electrode with Enhanced Performance Obtained by Hybridizing Polypyrrole Chains with MXene

(2016) Minshen Zhu et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

A redox-active 2D covalent organic framework with pyridine moieties capable of faradaic energy storage

(2016) Abdul Muqsit Khattak et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Layered nickel metal–organic framework for high performance alkaline battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices

(2016) Yang Jiao et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

A flexible all-solid-state micro-supercapacitor based on hierarchical CuO@layered double hydroxide core–shell nanoarrays

(2016) Zhenhua Li et al.   Nano Energy

Laser direct writing of high-performance flexible all-solid-state carbon micro-supercapacitors for an on-chip self-powered photodetection system

(2016) Jinguang Cai et al.   Nano Energy

Weavable, High-Performance, Solid-State Supercapacitors Based on Hybrid Fibers Made of Sandwiched Structure of MWCNT/rGO/MWCNT

(2016) Gengzhi Sun et al.   Advanced Electronic Materials

Graphene for batteries, supercapacitors and beyond

(2016) Maher F. El-Kady et al.   Nature Reviews Materials

Facile Fabrication of Flexible Microsupercapacitor with High Energy Density

(2016) Yuqing Liu et al.   Advanced Materials Technologies

Influence of the Nanoscale Kirkendall Effect on the Morphology of Copper Indium Disulfide Nanoplatelets Synthesized by Ion Exchange

(2015) Linjia Mu et al.   ACS Nano

Dual Support System Ensuring Porous Co-Al Hydroxide Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Rate Performance and High Energy Density for Supercapacitors

(2015) Xiaoliang Wu et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Pseudocapacitive Electrodes Produced by Oxidant-Free Polymerization of Pyrrole between the Layers of 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene)

(2015) Muhammad Boota et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Two-Dimensional Porous Carbon: Synthesis and Ion-Transport Properties

(2015) Xiaoyu Zheng et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Polymeric Photocatalysts Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride

(2015) Shaowen Cao et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Hybrid Fibers Made of Molybdenum Disulfide, Reduced Graphene Oxide, and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Solid-State, Flexible, Asymmetric Supercapacitors

(2015) Gengzhi Sun et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

NiSe Nanowire Film Supported on Nickel Foam: An Efficient and Stable 3D Bifunctional Electrode for Full Water Splitting

(2015) Chun Tang et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Graphene-based materials for flexible supercapacitors

(2015) Yuanlong Shao et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

Layer-by-layer printing of laminated graphene-based interdigitated microelectrodes for flexible planar micro-supercapacitors

(2015) Gengzhi Sun et al.   ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS

Two-dimensional covalent carbon nitride nanosheets: synthesis, functionalization, and applications

(2015) Jinshui Zhang et al.   Energy & Environmental Science

High conductivity graphene-like MoS 2 /polyaniline nanocomposites and its application in supercapacitor

(2015) Jin Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS

Unveiling Surface Redox Charge Storage of Interacting Two-Dimensional Heteronanosheets in Hierarchical Architectures

(2015) Qasim Mahmood et al.   NANO LETTERS

High Performance Pseudocapacitor Based on 2D Layered Metal Chalcogenide Nanocrystals

(2015) Guillaume A. Muller et al.   NANO LETTERS

Two-dimensional Ni(OH)2 nanoplates for flexible on-chip microsupercapacitors

(2015) Hao Wu et al.   Nano Research

Water desalination using nanoporous single-layer graphene

(2015) Sumedh P. Surwade et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Metallic 1T phase MoS2 nanosheets as supercapacitor electrode materials

(2015) Muharrem Acerce et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage

(2015) F. Bonaccorso et al.   SCIENCE

Transition from Diffusion-Controlled Intercalation into Extrinsically Pseudocapacitive Charge Storage of MoS2 by Nanoscale Heterostructuring

(2015) Qasim Mahmood et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Probing the Mechanism of High Capacitance in 2D Titanium Carbide Using In Situ X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

(2015) Maria R. Lukatskaya et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Controlling the actuation properties of MXene paper electrodes upon cation intercalation

(2015) Jeremy Come et al.   Nano Energy

Phase Transformation Guided Single-Layer β-Co(OH)2 Nanosheets for Pseudocapacitive Electrodes

(2014) Lei Wang et al.   ACS Nano

Growth of Polypyrrole Ultrathin Films on MoS2Monolayers as High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes

(2014) Hongjie Tang et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Ultrahigh Energy Density Realized by a Single-Layer β-Co(OH)2All-Solid-State Asymmetric Supercapacitor

(2014) Shan Gao et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Two dimensional nanomaterials for flexible supercapacitors

(2014) Xu Peng et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

An atlas of two-dimensional materials

(2014) Pere Miró et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

Production of Molybdenum Trioxide Nanosheets by Liquid Exfoliation and Their Application in High-Performance Supercapacitors

(2014) Damien Hanlon et al.   CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

Capacitive energy storage in micro-scale devices: recent advances in design and fabrication of micro-supercapacitors

(2014) Majid Beidaghi et al.   Energy & Environmental Science

Performance Limits Projection of Black Phosphorous Field-Effect Transistors

(2014) Kai-Tak Lam et al.   IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS

Atomic Mechanism of Dynamic Electrochemical Lithiation Processes of MoS2 Nanosheets

(2014) Lifen Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Role of Surface Structure on Li-Ion Energy Storage Capacity of Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Carbides

(2014) Yu Xie et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Evolution of Hollow TiO2 Nanostructures via the Kirkendall Effect Driven by Cation Exchange with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance

(2014) Yanhao Yu et al.   NANO LETTERS

Chemically Bonded Phosphorus/Graphene Hybrid as a High Performance Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

(2014) Jiangxuan Song et al.   NANO LETTERS

Scalable synthesis of hierarchically structured carbon nanotube–graphene fibres for capacitive energy storage

(2014) Dingshan Yu et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

Enhanced activity of a hydrothermally synthesized mesoporous MoS2 nanostructure for high performance supercapacitor applications

(2014) Ananthakumar Ramadoss et al.   NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY

Where Do Batteries End and Supercapacitors Begin?

(2014) P. Simon et al.   SCIENCE

Holey graphene frameworks for highly efficient capacitive energy storage

(2014) Yuxi Xu et al.   Nature Communications

Solving the Capacitive Paradox of 2D MXene using Electrochemical Quartz-Crystal Admittance and In Situ Electronic Conductance Measurements

(2014) Mikhael D. Levi et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Ultrathin Nickel Hydroxide and Oxide Nanosheets: Synthesis, Characterizations and Excellent Supercapacitor Performances

(2014) Youqi Zhu et al.   Scientific Reports

Supercapacitor Electrodes Based on Layered Tungsten Disulfide-Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrids Synthesized by a Facile Hydrothermal Method

(2013) Satyajit Ratha et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Two-Dimensional Materials Beyond Graphene

(2013) Sheneve Z. Butler et al.   ACS Nano

Nickel-Cobalt Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets for High-performance Supercapacitor Electrode Materials

(2013) Hao Chen et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

3D Printing of Interdigitated Li-Ion Microbattery Architectures

(2013) Ke Sun et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Smart Everything: Will Intelligent Systems Reduce Resource Use?

(2013) Jonathan G. Koomey et al.   Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Graphene-Like Two-Dimensional Materials

(2013) Mingsheng Xu et al.   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

Large scale selective synthesis of α-Co(OH)2 and β-Co(OH)2 nanosheets through a fluoride ions mediated phase transformation process

(2013) Hongtao Cui et al.   JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS

β-Ketoenamine-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Capable of Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage

(2013) Catherine R. DeBlase et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Conducting MoS2 Nanosheets as Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

(2013) Damien Voiry et al.   NANO LETTERS

Ultrathin Two-Dimensional MnO2/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures for High-Performance, Flexible Planar Supercapacitors

(2013) Lele Peng et al.   NANO LETTERS

High-rate electrochemical energy storage through Li+ intercalation pseudocapacitance

(2013) Veronica Augustyn et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Cation Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide

(2013) M. R. Lukatskaya et al.   SCIENCE

Direct Laser-Patterned Micro-Supercapacitors from Paintable MoS2Films

(2013) Liujun Cao et al.   Small

Scalable fabrication of high-power graphene micro-supercapacitors for flexible and on-chip energy storage

(2013) Maher F. El-Kady et al.   Nature Communications

Intercalation and delamination of layered carbides and carbonitrides

(2013) Olha Mashtalir et al.   Nature Communications

Recent advances in graphene-based planar micro-supercapacitors for on-chip energy storage

(2013) Zhong-Shuai Wu et al.   National Science Review

Coherent Atomic and Electronic Heterostructures of Single-Layer MoS2

(2012) Goki Eda et al.   ACS Nano

Micro-Supercapacitors Based on Interdigital Electrodes of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotube Composites with Ultrahigh Power Handling Performance

(2012) Majid Beidaghi et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Graphene-Based Electrodes

(2012) Xiao Huang et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Self-Powered Nanosensors and Nanosystems

(2011) Zhong Lin Wang   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Superaligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays, Films, and Yarns: A Road to Applications

(2011) Kaili Jiang et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Two-Dimensional Nanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3AlC2

(2011) Michael Naguib et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Graphene based new energy materials

(2011) Yiqing Sun et al.   Energy & Environmental Science

A high-performance three-dimensional micro supercapacitor based on self-supporting composite materials

(2011) Caiwei Shen et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

Metallic Few-Layered VS2Ultrathin Nanosheets: High Two-Dimensional Conductivity for In-Plane Supercapacitors

(2011) Jun Feng et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Photoluminescence from Chemically Exfoliated MoS2

(2011) Goki Eda et al.   NANO LETTERS

Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Produced by Activation of Graphene

(2011) Y. Zhu et al.   SCIENCE

Ni(OH)2Nanoplates Grown on Graphene as Advanced Electrochemical Pseudocapacitor Materials

(2010) Hailiang Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Absence of nesting in the charge-density-wave system1T-VS2as seen by photoelectron spectroscopy

(2010) M. Mulazzi et al.   PHYSICAL REVIEW B

All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Microbatteries: A Review of Various Three-Dimensional Concepts

(2010) Jos F. M. Oudenhoven et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Building better batteries

(2008) M. Armand et al.   NATURE

Materials for electrochemical capacitors

(2008) Patrice Simon et al.   NATURE MATERIALS