Content of different groups of phenolic compounds in microshoots of Juglans regia cultivars and studies on antioxidant activity

Phenolic and other compounds were extracted from micropropagated axillary shoots (microshoots) of the walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars 'Chandler', 'Howard', 'Kerman', 'Sunland', and 'Z63'. Among cultivars, microshoots showed differences in phenolic compounds, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. All cultivars contained the phenolics acids chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid; the naphthoquinone juglone; and the flavonoid quercetin. The phenolic acids syringic acid and vanillin were present only in microshoots of 'Howard'. Microshoot extracts had different antioxidant activity with 'Kerman' the highest and 'Chandler' the lowest in each of three antioxidant assays: the phospho-molybdenum assay (PPM), reducing power assay, and 2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-scavenging effect. There was a strong linear relationship between total phenolic compound content of microshoots and increasing antioxidant activity.