Review
Immunology
Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli, Giorgina Mieli-Vergani, Diego Vergani
Summary: Autoimmune hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease affecting all ages, with type 1 and type 2 having different autoantibodies and predisposing factors, typically responding well to treatment with steroids and azathioprine.
CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Giorgia Paldino, Maria Felicia Faienza, Marco Cappa, Andrea Pietrobattista, Donatella Capalbo, Mariella Valenzise, Vito Lampasona, Annamaria Cudini, Elena Carbone, Olivia Pagliarosi, Giuseppe Maggiore, Mariacarolina Salerno, Corrado Betterle, Alessandra Fierabracci
Summary: Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) syndrome is a rare monogenic disease caused by AIRE gene mutations. The classic diagnosis is based on the presence of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, chronic hypoparathyroidism, and Addison's disease. European patients usually have less non-endocrine autoimmunity, while American patients tend to develop organ-specific non-endocrine manifestations early in life. The Ferre-Lionakis criteria could allow an expedited diagnosis in European patients, emphasizing the importance of evaluating the presence and age of appearance of autoimmune hepatitis and autoimmune enteropathy.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Rasmine Birn-Rydder, Morten D. Jensen, Peter Jepsen, Lisbet Gronbaek
Summary: The presence of extrahepatic autoimmune diseases increases mortality in AIH patients, with patients having multiple extrahepatic autoimmune diseases having a higher mortality than those with just one.
LIVER INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Constantin Schmidt, Julian Stuerznickel, Andre Strahl, Ralf Oheim, Christina Weiler-Normann, Marcial Sebode, Florian Barvencik, Ansgar W. Lohse, Thorsten Schinke, Michael Amling, Christoph Schramm, Tim Rolvien
Summary: In patients with autoimmune hepatitis, there is a significant age-dependent deterioration of cortical bone microarchitecture, which may contribute to the increased fracture risk observed in these patients. Specifically, these patients showed a predominant reduction in cortical thickness at the distal radius and tibia, with no significant differences in trabecular parameters.
JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Hasan Ali, Taqi Rizvi, Mumtaz Niazi, Mark Galan, Nikolaos Pyrsopoulos
Summary: This case study presents a potential link between syphilitic hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis, suggesting that treatment for syphilis may trigger an autoimmune response. Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease that is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL HEPATOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Rinaldo Pellicano, Arianna Ferro, Francesca Cicerchia, Simone Mattivi, Sharmila Fagoonee, Marilena Durazzo
Summary: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic immune-inflammatory disease of the liver that is generally considered rare. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations from mild symptoms to severe hepatitis. Chronic liver damage leads to inflammation and oxidative stress, resulting in fibrosis and even cirrhosis. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing fibrosis, but there are also serum biomarkers, scoring systems, and radiological methods available for diagnosis and staging. The goal of AIH treatment is to suppress fibrotic and inflammatory activities in the liver to prevent disease progression and achieve complete remission. Classic steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressants are commonly used, but there are also new alternative drugs being researched.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Chin Kimg Tan, Danielle Ho, Lai Mun Wang, Rahul Kumar
Summary: Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis is a specific type of drug-induced liver injury which shares similar clinical features with idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis. Early identification and treatment often result in a favorable outcome.
WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Gang Chi, Jin-Hong Pei, Xue-Qing Li
Summary: This study found that EZH2 and H3K27me3 expression levels were significantly upregulated during the progression of autoimmune hepatitis. EZH2 enhanced autoimmune hepatitis, immune response, and liver fibrosis through H3K27me3. Additionally, EZH2 inhibition induced a switch in hepatic macrophage phenotype, further promoting the development of autoimmune hepatitis.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Weronika Domerecka, Anna Kowalska-Kepczynska, Agata Michalak, Iwona Homa-Mlak, Radoslaw Mlak, Halina Cichoz-Lach, Teresa Malecka-Massalska
Summary: Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease with an incidence of 10 to 17 per 100,000 people in Europe, mainly affecting individuals in the 40-60 age group. The clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic to severe hepatitis and liver failure, with lifelong treatment aimed at preventing the development of cirrhosis and end-stage liver failure.
Review
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Atsumasa Komori
Summary: Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease characterized by immunoinflammatory processes, diagnosed based on serum biochemistry and liver histology. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids and azathioprine, with second-line therapies for incomplete response or intolerance. Personalized medicine should be considered for improved quality of life in AIH patients.
CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR HEPATOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Albert J. Czaja
Summary: The role of epigenetic factors in the development of autoimmune hepatitis has not been fully evaluated. Multiple hypo-methylated genes have been found in patients with autoimmune hepatitis, and certain micro-ribonucleic acids have been correlated with liver inflammation. Different epigenetic changes have been observed in various liver diseases, indicating specificity.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Han Zheng, Ting Zhang, Yiyao Xu, Xin Lu, Xinting Sang
Summary: Cases of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) after COVID-19 vaccination have been reported, suggesting a potential autoimmune reaction. This study summarizes 27 cases of AIH, providing emerging evidence of such autoimmune phenomena in response to COVID-19 vaccines. Factors such as molecular mimicry, adjuvants, epitope spreading, and bystander activation may contribute to the development of AIH. Corticosteroids appear to be effective in treating post-vaccination AIH, but further research is needed to determine the exact mechanism and causality.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Claudia Sirbe, Medeea Badii, Tania O. Crisan, Gabriel Benta, Alina Grama, Leo A. B. Joosten, Simona Rednic, Tudor Lucian Pop
Summary: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immune-mediated liver disease that causes inflammation, liver failure, and fibrosis. This study analyzed the proteomic profiling data of pediatric AIH patients and controls and identified 16 proteins with significantly different abundance in AIH patients, which could potentially serve as biomarkers for AIH.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Cumali Efe, Anand V. Kulkarni, Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli, Bianca Magro, Albert Friedrich Staettermayer, Mustafa Cengiz, Daniel Clayton-Chubb, Craig Lammert, Christine Bernsmeier, Ozlem Gul, Fatima Higuera-de la Tijera, Margarita Anders, Ellina Lytvyak, Mete Akin, Tugrul Purnak, Rodrigo Liberal, Mirta Peralta, Berat Ebik, Serkan Duman, Nurhan Demir, Yasemin Balaban, Alvaro Urzua, Fernando Contreras, Maria Grazia Venturelli, Yilmaz Bilgic, Adriana Medina, Marcos Girala, Fulya Guensar, Maria-Carlota Londono, Theodoros Androutsakos, Ayelen Kisch, Alper Yurci, Fatih Guezelbult, Yasir Furkan Cagin, Enver Avci, Murat Guezelbulut, Emine Kubra Dindar-Demiray, Murat Harputluoglu, Rahul Kumar, Sanjaya K. Satapathy, Manuel Mendizabal, Marcelo Silva, Stefano Fagiuoli, Stuart K. Roberts, Nese Karadag Soylu, Ramazan Idilman, Eric M. Yoshida, Aldo J. Montano-Loza, George N. Dalekos, Ezequiel Ridruejo, Thomas D. Schiano, Staffan Wahlin
Summary: This study evaluated the clinical features, treatment response, and outcomes of liver injury following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The liver injury was predominantly hepatocellular and some patients showed features of immune-mediated hepatitis. Corticosteroid therapy may be beneficial for patients with immune-mediated features or severe hepatitis. The overall outcome was generally favorable, but a few patients experienced vaccine-associated liver failure.
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Craig Lammert, Sai N. Chalasani, Elizabeth J. Atkinson, Bryan M. McCauley, Konstantinos N. Lazaridis
Summary: The onset of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) may result from the interaction of environmental triggers within a genetic background, with risk factors associated with AIH including urinary tract infections, oral contraceptive use, and immunization history.
LIVER INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
