Journal
REMOTE SENSING
Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/rs10020348
Keywords
upper ocean response; typhoon; satellite observations; numerical simulations
Categories
Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFC1401001]
- National Science Foundation of China for Outstanding Young Scientist [41622604]
- Excellent Youth Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [BK20160090]
- National Basic Research Program of China [2013CB430302]
- National Program on Global Change and Air-ASea Interaction [GASI-IPOVAI-04]
- National Oceanographic Partnership Program
- NASA Earth Science Physical Oceanography Program
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We investigated ocean surface and subsurface physical responses to Typhoons Kalmaegi and Sarika in the South China Sea, utilizing synergistic multiple-satellite observations, in situ measurements, and numerical simulations. We found significant typhoon-induced sea surface cooling using satellite sea surface temperature (SST) observations and numerical model simulations. This cooling was mainly caused by vertical mixing and upwelling. The maximum amplitudes were 6 degrees C and 4.2 degrees C for Typhoons Kalmaegi and Sarika, respectively. For Typhoon Sarika, Argo temperature profile measurements showed that temperature response beneath the surface showed a three-layer vertical structure (decreasing-increasing-decreasing). Satellite salinity observations showed that the maximum increase of sea surface salinity (SSS) was 2.2 psu on the right side of Typhoon Sarika's track, and the maximum decrease of SSS was 1.4 psu on the left. This SSS seesaw response phenomenon is related to the asymmetrical rainfall on both sides of the typhoon track. Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers measurements and numerical simulations both showed that subsurface current velocities rapidly increased as the typhoon passed, with peak increases of up to 1.19 m/s and 1.49 m/s. Typhoon-generated SST cooling and current velocity increases both exhibited a rightward bias associated with a coupling between typhoon wind-stress and mixed layer velocity.
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