Journal
CELL REPORTS
Volume 22, Issue 3, Pages 585-599Publisher
CELL PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.080
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Funding
- National Science Foundation [CBET-1264246, CBET-1454301]
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grand Challenges Exploration award [OPP1045982]
- NIH [R01-GM104247]
- NIH predoctoral training grants in genetics [2T32GM007499-36, 5T32GM007499-34, 5T32GM007499-35]
- NIH predoctoral training grants in virology [5T32AI055403-12, 5T32AI055403-13]
- NIH grant [1T32EB019941]
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Institute for Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES [T32AI055403] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING [T32EB019941] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES [T32GM007499, R01GM104247] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Noisy gene expression generates diverse phenotypes, but little is known about mechanisms that modulate noise. Combining experiments and modeling, we studied how tumor necrosis factor (TNF) initiates noisy expression of latent HIV via the transcription factor nuclear factor kB (NF-kappa B) and how the HIV genomic integration sitemodulates noise to generate divergent (low-versus-high) phenotypes of viral activation. We show that TNF-induced transcriptional noise varies more than mean transcript number and that amplification of this noise explains low-versus-high viral activation. For a given integration site, live-cellimagingshowsthatNF-kappa Bactivation correlates with viral activation, but across integration sites, NF-kappa Bactivation cannot account for differences in transcriptional noise and phenotypes. Instead, differences in transcriptional noise are associated with differences in chromatin state and RNA polymerase II regulation. We conclude that, whereas NF-kappa B regulates transcript abundance in each cell, the chromatin environment modulates noise in the population to support diverse HIV activation in response to TNF.
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