Modelling and correcting azimuthal anisotropy in Sentinel-1 backscatter data

Sentinel-1 backscatter data - acquired in dual-polarized (VV/VH) Interferometric Wide (IW) swath mode - show an azimuth angle dependency. The orientation of the tangential plane of the surface observed can alter the backscatter differently depending on the azimuth angle of the viewing geometry. In this study, two years of Sentinel-1 backscatter data over Western Europe have been investigated to show that the azimuthal anisotropy of backscatter is mainly caused by the orientation of the topography's slope. The SRTM-3 digital elevation model (DEM) is used to describe the azimuthal anisotropy in the Tyrolean Alps and in addition, an algorithm is presented to take into account the azimuthal dependency by calculating correction parameters for each relative orbit of Sentinel-1.