Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review

Generation of a microglial developmental index in mice and in humans reveals a sex difference in maturation and immune reactivity

(2017) Richa Hanamsagar et al.   GLIA

Sex differences in immune responses: Hormonal effects, antagonistic selection, and evolutionary consequences

(2017) Jacob Roved et al.   HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR

Autism Spectrum Disorder in Males with Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy

(2017) Nicole R. Tartaglia et al.   JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS

Oxytocin and vasopressin neural networks: Implications for social behavioral diversity and translational neuroscience

(2017) Zachary V. Johnson et al.   NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS

Activation of neonatal microglia can be influenced by other neural cells

(2017) Alexandra Turano et al.   NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS

Ketogenic diets improve behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorder in a sex-specific manner in the EL mouse

(2017) David N. Ruskin et al.   PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR

Sex-specific gene–environment interactions underlying ASD-like behaviors

(2017) Sara M. Schaafsma et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Sex-related alterations of gut microbiota composition in the BTBR mouse model of autism spectrum disorder

(2017) Lorena Coretti et al.   Scientific Reports

Association of Sex With Recurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Siblings

(2017) Nathan Palmer et al.   JAMA Pediatrics

Association Between the Probability of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Normative Sex-Related Phenotypic Diversity in Brain Structure

(2017) Christine Ecker et al.   JAMA Psychiatry

Possible sexually dimorphic role of miRNA and other sncRNA in ASD brain

(2017) Cynthia M. Schumann et al.   Molecular Autism

Umbilical cord blood androgen levels and ASD-related phenotypes at 12 and 36 months in an enriched risk cohort study

(2017) Bo Y. Park et al.   Molecular Autism

The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): clinical characterisation

(2017) Tony Charman et al.   Molecular Autism

Sex differences in frontal lobe connectivity in adults with autism spectrum conditions

(2017) E A Zeestraten et al.   Translational Psychiatry

The connectomes of males and females with autism spectrum disorder have significantly different white matter connectivity densities

(2017) Andrei Irimia et al.   Scientific Reports

Males are from Mars, and females are from Venus: sex-specific fetal brain gene expression signatures in a mouse model of maternal diet-induced obesity

(2016) Andrea G. Edlow et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY

The number of Purkinje neurons and their topology in the cerebellar vermis of normal and reln haplodeficient mouse

(2016) Chiara Magliaro et al.   ANNALS OF ANATOMY-ANATOMISCHER ANZEIGER

Gender differences in autism spectrum disorders: Divergence among specific core symptoms

(2016) Anita Beggiato et al.   Autism Research

RNA sequencing of transformed lymphoblastoid cells from siblings discordant for autism spectrum disorders reveals transcriptomic and functional alterations: Evidence for sex-specific effects

(2016) Daniel S. Tylee et al.   Autism Research

Investigating diagnostic bias in autism spectrum conditions: An item response theory analysis of sex bias in the AQ-10

(2016) Aja Louise Murray et al.   Autism Research

Hyperactivity and male-specific sleep deficits in the 16p11.2 deletion mouse model of autism

(2016) Christopher C. Angelakos et al.   Autism Research

Oxytocin Treatment, Circuitry, and Autism: A Critical Review of the Literature Placing Oxytocin Into the Autism Context

(2016) Adam J. Guastella et al.   BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY

Prenatal exposure to sodium valproate alters androgen receptor expression in the developing cerebellum in a region and age specific manner in male and female rats

(2016) Miguel Perez-Pouchoulen et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE

Microduplications at the pseudoautosomalSHOXlocus in autism spectrum disorders and related neurodevelopmental conditions

(2016) Maria Tropeano et al.   JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS

Dysregulated NMDA-Receptor Signaling Inhibits Long-Term Depression in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome

(2016) A. K. H. Toft et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Complementarity of sex differences in brain and behavior: From laterality to multimodal neuroimaging

(2016) Ruben C. Gur et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

Cognitive, behavioral, and neural consequences of sex chromosome aneuploidy

(2016) Frida Printzlau et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

Sexual divergence in microtubule function: the novel intranasal microtubule targeting SKIP normalizes axonal transport and enhances memory

(2016) N Amram et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

Estrogens Suppress a Behavioral Phenotype in Zebrafish Mutants of the Autism Risk Gene, CNTNAP2

(2016) Ellen J. Hoffman et al.   NEURON

Elevated plasma levels of glutamate in children with autism spectrum disorders

(2016) Jing Cai et al.   NEUROREPORT

Acute oxytocin improves memory and gaze following in male but not female nursery-reared infant macaques

(2016) Elizabeth A. Simpson et al.   PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Sex differences in autism: a resting-state fMRI investigation of functional brain connectivity in males and females

(2016) Kaat Alaerts et al.   Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

Gene expression in human brain implicates sexually dimorphic pathways in autism spectrum disorders

(2016) Donna M. Werling et al.   Nature Communications

Sex Biased Gene Expression Profiling of Human Brains at Major Developmental Stages

(2016) Lei Shi et al.   Scientific Reports

Pleiotropic Mechanisms Indicated for Sex Differences in Autism

(2016) Ileena Mitra et al.   PLoS Genetics

An investigation of the ‘female camouflage effect’ in autism using a computerized ADOS-2 and a test of sex/gender differences

(2016) Agnieszka Rynkiewicz et al.   Molecular Autism

The effect of gender on the neuroanatomy of children with autism spectrum disorders: a support vector machine case-control study

(2016) Alessandra Retico et al.   Molecular Autism

Effect of co-twin gender on neurodevelopmental symptoms: a twin register study

(2016) Jonna Maria Eriksson et al.   Molecular Autism

Sexually dimorphic effects of prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide, and prenatal and postnatal exposure to propionic acid, on acoustic startle response and prepulse inhibition in adolescent rats: Relevance to autism spectrum disorders

(2015) Kelly A. Foley et al.   BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH

The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in Saudi boys with autism: A potential screening tool

(2015) Felwah S. Al-Zaid et al.   EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Embryological exposure to valproic acid disrupts morphology of the deep cerebellar nuclei in a sexually dimorphic way

(2015) Todd M. Mowery et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE

Whole Exome Sequencing in Females with Autism Implicates Novel and Candidate Genes

(2015) Merlin Butler et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

MECP2 disorders: from the clinic to mice and back

(2015) Laura Marie Lombardi et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Increased female autosomal burden of rare copy number variants in human populations and in autism families

(2015) G Desachy et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

Loss of δ-catenin function in severe autism

(2015) Tychele N. Turner et al.   NATURE

Immune mediators in the brain and peripheral tissues in autism spectrum disorder

(2015) Myka L. Estes et al.   NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE

Abnormal instability, excess density, and aberrant morphology of dendritic spines in prenatally testosterone-exposed mice

(2015) Yusuke Hatanaka et al.   NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL

Insights into Autism Spectrum Disorder Genomic Architecture and Biology from 71 Risk Loci

(2015) Stephan J. Sanders et al.   NEURON

Dynamic changes in extracellular release of GABA and glutamate in the lateral septum during social play behavior in juvenile rats: Implications for sex-specific regulation of social play behavior

(2015) R. Bredewold et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Prenatal hyperandrogenic environment induced autistic-like behavior in rat offspring

(2015) Xin-Jie Xu et al.   PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR

Sex Differences in the Default Mode Network with Regard to Autism Spectrum Traits: A Resting State fMRI Study

(2015) Minyoung Jung et al.   PLoS One

NMDA receptor activation regulates sociability by its effect on mTOR signaling activity

(2015) Jessica A. Burket et al.   PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY

Diffusion tensor imaging reveals no white matter impairments among adults with autism spectrum disorder

(2015) Melissa Kirkovski et al.   PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH-NEUROIMAGING

Number of X-chromosome genes influences social behavior and vasopressin gene expression in mice

(2015) Kimberly H. Cox et al.   PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Trans-synaptic zinc mobilization improves social interaction in two mouse models of autism through NMDAR activation

(2015) Eun-Jae Lee et al.   Nature Communications

Digit ratio and autism spectrum disorders in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: a birth cohort study

(2015) Anna Louise Guyatt et al.   BMJ Open

Autism-like Deficits in Shank3-Deficient Mice Are Rescued by Targeting Actin Regulators

(2015) Lara J. Duffney et al.   Cell Reports

Sex differences in structural organization of motor systems and their dissociable links with repetitive/restricted behaviors in children with autism

(2015) Kaustubh Supekar et al.   Molecular Autism

Sex differences in cortical volume and gyrification in autism

(2015) Marie Schaer et al.   Molecular Autism

Do women with eating disorders who have social and flexibility difficulties really have autism? A case series

(2015) Will Mandy et al.   Molecular Autism

Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study

(2015) Daniel S. Messinger et al.   Molecular Autism

The female protective effect in autism spectrum disorder is not mediated by a single genetic locus

(2015) Jake Gockley et al.   Molecular Autism

Recurrence rates provide evidence for sex-differential, familial genetic liability for autism spectrum disorders in multiplex families and twins

(2015) Donna M Werling et al.   Molecular Autism

Social communication and emotion difficulties and second to fourth digit ratio in a large community-based sample

(2015) Manuela Barona et al.   Molecular Autism

Investigation of sex differences in the expression of RORA and its transcriptional targets in the brain as a potential contributor to the sex bias in autism

(2015) Valerie W Hu et al.   Molecular Autism

Sex differences in the corpus callosum in preschool-aged children with autism spectrum disorder

(2015) Christine Wu Nordahl et al.   Molecular Autism

Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority

(2015) Alycia K Halladay et al.   Molecular Autism

Sex hormones affect neurotransmitters and shape the adult female brain during hormonal transition periods

(2015) Claudia Barth et al.   Frontiers in Neuroscience

Influence of Low-Level Prenatal Exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs on Empathizing, Systemizing and Autistic Traits: Results from the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study

(2015) Nikola Nowack et al.   PLoS One

Perceived Gender Ratings for High and Low Scorers on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Consistent with the Extreme Male Brain Account of Autism

(2015) Diana Weiting Tan et al.   PLoS One

A Higher Mutational Burden in Females Supports a “Female Protective Model” in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

(2014) Sébastien Jacquemont et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

Environmental enrichment mitigates the sex-specific effects of gestational inflammation on social engagement and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis-feedback system

(2014) E.J. Connors et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Oxytocin and vasopressin effects on the neural response to social cooperation are modulated by sex in humans

(2014) Chunliang Feng et al.   Brain Imaging and Behavior

Etiologies underlying sex differences in Autism Spectrum Disorders

(2014) Sara M. Schaafsma et al.   FRONTIERS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Germline disruption of Pten localization causes enhanced sex-dependent social motivation and increased glial production

(2014) A. K. Tilot et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

The effects of a course of intranasal oxytocin on social behaviors in youth diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial

(2014) Adam J. Guastella et al.   JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY

CRHR1 links peripuberty stress with deficits in social and stress-coping behaviors

(2014) Vandana Veenit et al.   JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH

MeCP2 Modulates Sex Differences in the Postsynaptic Development of the Valproate Animal Model of Autism

(2014) Ki Chan Kim et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Elevated fetal steroidogenic activity in autism

(2014) S Baron-Cohen et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

Loss of mTOR-Dependent Macroautophagy Causes Autistic-like Synaptic Pruning Deficits

(2014) Guomei Tang et al.   NEURON

Early exposure to bisphenol A alters neuron and glia number in the rat prefrontal cortex of adult males, but not females

(2014) R.N. Sadowski et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Attenuation of Typical Sex Differences in 800 Adults with Autism vs. 3,900 Controls

(2014) Simon Baron-Cohen et al.   PLoS One

Gender-Dependent Effects of Maternal Immune Activation on the Behavior of Mouse Offspring

(2014) Ingrid C. Y. Xuan et al.   PLoS One

Genetic and pharmacological reactivation of the mammalian inactive X chromosome

(2014) S. Bhatnagar et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

A review of rhythm and responsiveness of cortisol in individuals with autism spectrum disorders

(2014) Julie Lounds Taylor et al.   PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Epigenetic effect of testosterone in the behavior of C. elegans. A clue to explain androgen-dependent autistic traits?

(2014) M. Mar Gámez-Del-Estal et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of innate immune response genes and neuronal activity-dependent genes in autism

(2014) Simone Gupta et al.   Nature Communications

Dysregulation of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), aromatase (CYP19A1), and ER co-activators in the middle frontal gyrus of autism spectrum disorder subjects

(2014) Amanda Crider et al.   Molecular Autism

Serum proteomic analysis identifies sex-specific differences in lipid metabolism and inflammation profiles in adults diagnosed with Asperger syndrome

(2014) Hannah Steeb et al.   Molecular Autism

Uncovering steroidopathy in women with autism: a latent class analysis

(2014) Alexa Pohl et al.   Molecular Autism

Gender differences in emotionality and sociability in children with autism spectrum disorders

(2014) Alexandra M Head et al.   Molecular Autism

Prenatal maternal immune activation causes epigenetic differences in adolescent mouse brain

(2014) P Basil et al.   Translational Psychiatry

Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Sex Differences and Associations With Symptoms

(2013) Meghan Miller et al.   Autism Research

Biological sex affects the neurobiology of autism

(2013) M.-C. Lai et al.   BRAIN

Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders

(2013) Donna M. Werling et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROLOGY

Microglia Are Essential to Masculinization of Brain and Behavior

(2013) K. M. Lenz et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Behavioral and Cognitive Characteristics of Females and Males With Autism in the Simons Simplex Collection

(2013) Thomas W. Frazier et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY

Male-Biased Autosomal Effect of 16p13.11 Copy Number Variation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

(2013) Maria Tropeano et al.   PLoS One

Understanding sex bias in autism spectrum disorder

(2013) D. M. Werling et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Examining and interpreting the female protective effect against autistic behavior

(2013) E. B. Robinson et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Sex-biased gene expression in the developing brain: implications for autism spectrum disorders

(2013) Mark N Ziats et al.   Molecular Autism

SHANK1 Deletions in Males with Autism Spectrum Disorder

(2012) Daisuke Sato et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

The extreme male brain revisited: gender coherence in adults with autism spectrum disorder

(2012) Susanne Bejerot et al.   BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY

Autistic-like social behaviour in Shank2-mutant mice improved by restoring NMDA receptor function

(2012) Hyejung Won et al.   NATURE

Cognition in Males and Females with Autism: Similarities and Differences

(2012) Meng-Chuan Lai et al.   PLoS One

Microglial Activation in Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder

(2012) Katsuaki Suzuki et al.   JAMA Psychiatry

Prenatal versus postnatal sex steroid hormone effects on autistic traits in children at 18 to 24 months of age

(2012) Bonnie Auyeung et al.   Molecular Autism

Autism Attenuates Sex Differences in Brain Structure: A Combined Voxel-Based Morphometry and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

(2011) F.D. Beacher et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURORADIOLOGY

Sexual Differentiation and the Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Autism

(2011) Timothy P. Aiello et al.   Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology

Grey matter abnormality in autism spectrum disorder: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis study

(2011) F. Cauda et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Rare De Novo and Transmitted Copy-Number Variation in Autistic Spectrum Disorders

(2011) Dan Levy et al.   NEURON

Rare De Novo Variants Associated with Autism Implicate a Large Functional Network of Genes Involved in Formation and Function of Synapses

(2011) Sarah R. Gilman et al.   NEURON

Multiple Recurrent De Novo CNVs, Including Duplications of the 7q11.23 Williams Syndrome Region, Are Strongly Associated with Autism

(2011) Stephan J. Sanders et al.   NEURON

Sex Hormones in Autism: Androgens and Estrogens Differentially and Reciprocally Regulate RORA, a Novel Candidate Gene for Autism

(2011) Tewarit Sarachana et al.   PLoS One

A Behavioral Comparison of Male and Female Adults with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Conditions

(2011) Meng-Chuan Lai et al.   PLoS One

Testosterone administration impairs cognitive empathy in women depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio

(2011) J. van Honk et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Increased serum androstenedione in adults with autism spectrum conditions

(2011) Liliana Ruta et al.   PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Genetics of autism spectrum disorders

(2011) Daniel H. Geschwind   TRENDS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCES

Why Are Autism Spectrum Conditions More Prevalent in Males?

(2011) Simon Baron-Cohen et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Autism risk assessment in siblings of affected children using sex-specific genetic scores

(2011) Jerome Carayol et al.   Molecular Autism

Brain growth across the life span in autism: Age-specific changes in anatomical pathology

(2010) Eric Courchesne et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Global methylation profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals epigenetic contributions to autism spectrum disorders and a novel autism candidate gene, RORA, whose protein product is reduced in autistic brain

(2010) AnhThu Nguyen et al.   FASEB JOURNAL

How it’s Made: Organisational Effects of Hormones on the Developing Brain

(2010) M. M. McCarthy   JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Sex differences in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor signaling and trafficking: potential role in female vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology

(2010) D A Bangasser et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

Sex-specific serum biomarker patterns in adults with Asperger's syndrome

(2010) E Schwarz et al.   MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY

Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders

(2010) E. Andari et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Fetal androgen exposure and pragmatic language ability of girls in middle childhood: Implications for the extreme male-brain theory of autism

(2010) Andrew J.O. Whitehouse et al.   PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Perseverative responding and neuroanatomical alterations in adult heterozygous reeler mice are mitigated by neonatal estrogen administration

(2010) Simone Macrì et al.   PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Gene expression profiling differentiates autism case-controls and phenotypic variants of autism spectrum disorders: evidence for circadian rhythm dysfunction in severe autism

(2009) Valerie W. Hu et al.   Autism Research

Intranasal Oxytocin Improves Emotion Recognition for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders

(2009) Adam J. Guastella et al.   BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY

Increased dendritic spine densities on cortical projection neurons in autism spectrum disorders

(2009) Jeffrey J. Hutsler et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Detection of salivary oxytocin levels in lactating women

(2009) Rosemary White-Traut et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY

Association of Y Chromosome Haplotypes With Autism

(2009) Fatema J. Serajee et al.   JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY

Serum oxytocin levels in patients with depression and the effects of gender and antidepressant treatment

(2009) Saliha Ozsoy et al.   PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH

Oxytocin enhances the experience of attachment security

(2009) Anna Buchheim et al.   PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Sex differences in the evaluation and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders among children

(2009) Ellen Giarelli et al.   Disability and Health Journal

Analysis of X chromosome inactivation in autism spectrum disorders

(2008) Xiaohong Gong et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART B-NEUROPSYCHIATRIC GENETICS

Oxytocin Attenuates Affective Evaluations of Conditioned Faces and Amygdala Activity

(2008) P. Petrovic et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Cellular mechanisms of estradiol-mediated masculinization of the brain

(2008) Jaclyn M. Schwarz et al.   JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Oxytocin Shapes the Neural Circuitry of Trust and Trust Adaptation in Humans

(2008) Thomas Baumgartner et al.   NEURON

Post-learning intranasal oxytocin modulates human memory for facial identity

(2008) Egemen Savaskan et al.   PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

Positive and negative gaze perception in autism spectrum conditions

(2008) Chris Ashwin et al.   Social Neuroscience