Pro-metastatic collagen lysyl hydroxylase dimer assemblies stabilized by Fe2+-binding

Collagen lysyl hydroxylases (LH1-3) are Fe2+-and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent oxygenases that maintain extracellular matrix homeostasis. High LH2 levels cause stable collagen cross-link accumulations that promote fibrosis and cancer progression. However, developing LH antagonists will require structural insights. Here, we report a 2 angstrom crystal structure and X-ray scattering on dimer assemblies for the LH domain of L230 in Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus. Loop residues in the double-stranded beta-helix core generate a tail-to-tail dimer. A stabilizing hydrophobic leucine locks into an aromatic tyrosine-pocket on the opposite subunit. An active site triad coordinates Fe2+. The two active sites flank a deep surface cleft that suggest dimerization creates a collagen-binding site. Loss of Fe2+-binding disrupts the dimer. Dimer disruption and charge reversal in the cleft increase Km and reduce LH activity. Ectopic L230 expression in tumors promotes collagen cross-linking and metastasis. These insights suggest inhibitor targets for fibrosis and cancer.