Microfluidic curved-channel centrifuge for solution exchange of target microparticles and their simultaneous separation from bacteria

One of the common operations in sample preparation is to separate specific particles (e. g. target cells, embryos or microparticles) from non-target substances (e. g. bacteria) in a fluid and to wash them into clean buffers for further processing like detection (called solution exchange in this paper). For instance, solution exchange is widely needed in preparing fluidic samples for biosensing at the point-of-care and point-of-use, but still conducted via the use of cumbersome and time-consuming off-chip analyte washing and purification techniques. Existing small-scale and handheld active and passive devices for washing particles are often limited to very low throughputs or require external sources of energy. Here, we integrated Dean flow recirculation of two fluids in curved microchannels with selective inertial focusing of target particles to develop a microfluidic centrifuge device that can isolate specific particles (as surrogates for target analytes) from bacteria and wash them into a clean buffer at high throughput and efficiency. We could process micron-size particles at a flow rate of 1 mL min +/- 1 and achieve throughputs higher than 104 particles per second. Our results reveal that the device is capable of singleplex solution exchange of 11 mm and 19 mm particles with efficiencies of 86 +/- 2% and 93 +/- 0.7%, respectively. A purity of 96 +/- 2% was achieved in the duplex experiments where 11 mm particles were isolated from 4 mm particles. Application of our device in biological assays was shown by performing duplex experiments where 11 mm or 19 mm particles were isolated from an Escherichia coli bacterial suspension with purities of 91-98%. We envision that our technique will have applications in point-ofcare devices for simultaneous purification and solution exchange of cells and embryos from smaller substances in high-volume suspensions at high throughput and efficiency.