Astrocyte networks modulate respiration - sniffing glue

The role of astrocytes in the modulation of breathing has emerged. Within the two major respiratory control centers, the inspiration generating preBotzinger Complex and the chemosensitive parafacial respiratory group/retrotrapezoid nucleus, rhythmically active astrocytes have been discovered. These are connected in glial sub-networks that intermingle with the neuronal network. Furthermore, astrocytes modify overall respiratory network behavior through gliotransmitter release, especially during hypoxic and hypercapnic stress. Here, we review some recent discoveries regarding astrocyte-neuronal interactions on a cellular as well as neural network level including the novel gliotransmitter PGE2.