Article
Neurosciences
Adam J. Culbreth, Zuzana Kasanova, Thomas J. Ross, Betty J. Salmeron, James M. Gold, Elliot A. Stein, James A. Waltz
Summary: The study found that brain responses to different forms of salience were detected, and there were no significant differences in salient event activation between SZ patients and controls in several regions, but there was a significant correlation between the magnitudes of salience contrasts and positive symptoms in SZ patients.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Karima Chakroun, Antonius Wiehler, Ben Wagner, David Mathar, Florian Ganzer, Thilo van Eimeren, Tobias Sommer, Jan Peters
Summary: This study investigates the impact of dopaminergic mechanisms on reinforcement learning and action selection using a combined pharmacological neuroimaging approach. The results suggest that there is little difference in the effects of L-dopa and Haloperidol on learning from gains, and lower dosages of D2 receptor antagonists may increase striatal dopamine release, leading to reduced decision thresholds.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Liqiang Chen, Samuel Daniels, Yerim Kim, Hong-Yuan Chu
Summary: The intrinsic excitability of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) in the primary motor cortical layer was greatly decreased in parkinsonism, specifically affecting M1 PTNs but not intratelencephalic neurons (ITNs). The decreased excitability may be associated with impaired function of sodium channels and potassium channels, leading to abnormal firing patterns in parkinsonian state.
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Behavioral Sciences
John P. O'Doherty, Sang Wan Lee, Reza Tadayonnejad, Jeff Cockburn, Kyo Iigaya, Caroline J. Charpentier
Summary: The brain is proposed to act as a Mixture of Experts, with different expert systems proposing action strategies based on reliability. The anterior prefrontal cortex is suggested to play a specific role in this process, favoring simpler expert systems. Research indicates that this reliability-based control mechanism may be domain general.
NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ryan J. Post, David A. Bulkin, R. Becket Ebitz, Vladlena Lee, Kasey Han, Melissa R. Warden
Summary: Tonic activity in lateral habenula neurons suppresses engagement in reward-seeking behavior in response to both negative and positive valence factors. This finding is important for understanding the balance between reward pursuit and behavioral regulation.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Xiaohan Zhang, Lu Liu, Guodong Long, Jing Jiang, Shenquan Liu
Summary: This study uses an RNN-based Actor-Critic framework to explore cognitive function, shedding light on the relationship between neural activities in animals and behavioral tasks. The retrieval of salient events stored in the hippocampus can expedite decision-making processes and facilitate faster learning of strategies.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Emil Warnberg, Arvind Kumar
Summary: This article discusses the role of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia and how to explain how dopamine supports learning of continuous outputs instead of discrete action values. The authors propose a model and demonstrate its validity through a learning rule.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Biology
Eun Ju Shin, Yunsil Jang, Soyoun Kim, Hoseok Kim, Xinying Cai, Hyunjung Lee, Jung Hoon Sul, Sung-Hyun Lee, Yeonseung Chung, Daeyeol Lee, Min Whan Jung
Summary: Studies in rats, monkeys, and humans have found action-value signals encoded in various brain regions, which bias choices towards higher expected rewards. Statistical tests on neural activity in the striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus show that previously identified action-value signals cannot be solely explained by serial correlations or activity related to other decision variables. Additionally, it was found that neural activity related to action value is intertwined with signals related to other decision variables.
Article
Neurosciences
Tiago Monteiro, Filipe S. Rodrigues, Margarida Pexirra, Bruno F. Cruz, Ana I. Goncalves, Pavel E. Rueda-Orozco, Joseph J. Paton
Summary: Temperature changes in the striatum affect neural activity and time judgments in rats, but not movement. The striatum may play a role in discrete decisions rather than continuous motor control.
NATURE NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Neurosciences
Vijay Mohan K. Namboodiri, Garret D. Stuber
Summary: This article discusses the role of brain circuits in forming cognitive maps to process and store statistical relationships in the environment, proposing the concepts of prospective and retrospective cognitive maps. Cognitive maps describe environmental states and their relationships, influencing many neural signals and behaviors.
Article
Neurosciences
Yarden Cohen, Elad Schneidman, Rony Paz
Summary: The study found that neurons in the cingulate cortex mainly rotated towards the rule, while neurons in the putamen showed an increase in magnitude, indicating strengthening of confidence for the newly acquired rule-based policy. Additionally, neural representation at the end of a session predicted next-day behavior, reflecting overnight retention. The novel framework for characterization of neural dynamics suggests complementary roles for the putamen and the anterior cingulate cortex.
Article
Neurosciences
Andrea Stocco, Catherine Sibert, Zoe Steine-Hanson, Natalie Koh, John E. Laird, Christian J. Lebiere, Paul Rosenbloom
Summary: The study analyzed functional MRI data to reveal the connection between the CMC architecture and human brain function, finding that CMC outperformed other models in various cognitive domains and tasks. These results suggest that a common set of architectural principles underpins both human brain function and artificial intelligence.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Abhishek Banerjee, Rajeev Rikhye, Adam Marblestone
Summary: This article discusses the role of the neocortex in reinforcement learning, emphasizing its importance in reward-driven computation. Reward drives plasticity in various neocortical regions, implementing multiple distinct reinforcement learning algorithms.
CURRENT OPINION IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Federica Robertazzi, Matteo Vissani, Guido Schillaci, Egidio Falotico
Summary: In this study, a brain-inspired meta-learning framework for inhibition cognitive control was developed and applied to artificial agents. The results showed that the framework improved the performance of the agents, including increased global accuracy and reduced time required for canceling the action process.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Yasuo Terao, Shin-ichi Tokushige, Satomi Inomata-Terada, Hideki Fukuda, Akihiro Yugeta, Yoshikazu Ugawa
Summary: The velocity profile of horizontal saccades can serve as an indicator of brainstem and cerebellar output dysfunction. Altered velocity profiles in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients suggest pathology in the brainstem and cerebellum. This study's findings are of significance for diagnosis and treatment of PSP patients.
CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Neurosciences
Vinod Menon, Mark D'Esposito
Summary: Systems neuroscience approaches focusing on large-scale brain organization and network analysis have advanced our understanding of cognitive control processes in the brain, particularly the role of prefrontal cortex (PFC) networks. The dynamic and flexible organization of PFC networks plays a key role in implementing cognitive control in a changing environment, with recent research focusing on how their functional architecture supports flexible cognitive control. Future research directions in cognitive control and the implications for understanding PFC networks in brain disorders are important areas for further exploration and advancement.
NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Martin E. Johansson, Ian G. M. Cameron, Nicolien M. Van der Kolk, Nienke M. de Vries, Eva Klimars, Ivan Toni, Bastiaan R. Bloem, Rick C. Helmich
Summary: This study conducted a clinical trial and found that aerobic exercise can improve motor symptoms and cognitive control in patients with Parkinson's disease. It also showed positive effects on the structural and functional changes in the brain, suggesting that aerobic exercise can stabilize disease progression in the corticostriatal sensorimotor network.
ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Jos IJspeert, Renee Lustenhouwer, Renske M. Janssen, Jay J. Han, Maya N. Hatch, Ian Cameron, Rick C. Helmich, Baziel van Engelen, Philip van der Wees, Alexander C. H. Geurts, Nens van Alfen, Jan T. Groothuis
Summary: This study aimed to examine the ability of the Reachable Workspace (RWS) to quantitatively detect limitations in upper extremity active range of motion in patients with Neuralgic Amyotrophy (NA), and correlate these with other upper extremity functional outcome measures.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Rosemarie H. M. J. M. Kroon, Johanna G. Kalf, Rutger L. Meijers, Bert J. M. de Swart, Ian G. M. Cameron, Jonne Doorduin, Nens van Alfen, Baziel G. M. van Engelen, Corinne G. C. Horlings
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the application of QMUS in OPMD. The results showed that QMUS can detect muscle pathology and can be used as a longitudinal imaging biomarker in OPMD. AEI and muscle thickness were significantly correlated with clinical data. Deterioration in AEI and decreased muscle thickness were observed over time.
Article
Neurosciences
Savannah L. Cookson, Mark D'Esposito
Summary: Traditional brain network definitions often ignore overlap between different networks, but new methods emphasize network overlap. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of a particular assignment method and found that it could be used to identify gaps in existing models of cognition. The results showed that this method can generate consistent and biologically plausible networks, allowing for the development of more complete models of cognition.
HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Renske M. J. Janssen, Renee Lustenhouwer, Edith H. C. Cup, Nens van Alfen, Jos Ijspeert, Rick C. Helmich, Ian G. M. Cameron, Alexander C. H. Geurts, Baziel G. M. van Engelen, Maud J. L. Graff, Jan T. Groothuis
Summary: This study compared the effects of multidisciplinary rehabilitation with usual care on the functional capability of the shoulder, arm, and hand in patients with neuralgic amyotrophy. The results showed that multidisciplinary rehabilitation was more effective in improving shoulder functional capability and reducing pain and fatigue.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Caitlin M. Taylor, Daniella J. Furman, Anne S. Berry, Robert L. White, William J. Jagust, Mark D'Esposito, Emily G. Jacobs
Summary: Using positron emission tomography, this study found differences in dopamine function, particularly in dopamine synthesis capacity and cognitive flexibility, between hormonal contraceptive users and nonusers. The study highlights the importance of understanding the hormonal regulation of the dopamine system in the human brain.
Article
Neurosciences
Helena Cockx, Robert Oostenveld, Merel Tabor, Ecaterina Savenco, Arne van Setten, Ian Cameron, Richard van Wezel
Summary: This study aimed to assess the ability of fNIRS to detect the leg area of the primary motor cortex (M1) and distinguish it from the hand area. It also evaluated the differentiation capability of fNIRS between automatic and non-automatic movement processes. The results indicated that fNIRS is sensitive to leg activity in M1, but with lower sensitivity compared to finger activity, and rigorous correction for systemic fluctuations is necessary.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Elizabeth L. Johnson, Jack J. Lin, David King-Stephens, Peter B. Weber, Kenneth D. Laxer, Ignacio Saez, Fady Girgis, Mark D'Esposito, Robert T. Knight, David Badre
Summary: Flexible behavior relies on gating mechanisms that selectively encode task-relevant information in working memory. This study identifies rapid changes in regional and inter-regional activities in patients with intracranial EEG, highlighting the role of neocortical gating mechanisms in predicting behavioral output. The results demonstrate information accumulation and filtering processes in neocortical networks, providing evidence for a rapid neocortical theta network mechanism for flexible information encoding.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Courtney L. Gallen, Kai Hwang, Anthony J. -W. Chen, Emily G. Jacobs, Taraz G. Lee, Mark D'Esposito
Summary: This study investigated the effects of task goals on brain network organization and found that the brain networks reconfigure when processing relevant information for working memory. The results suggest that the reconfiguration supports goal-directed processing and enhances working memory performance. Additionally, the effects of task goals were most pronounced in the default mode and visual sub-networks.
FRONTIERS IN BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Teodora Z. Markova, Claire J. Ciampa, Jourdan H. Parent, Molly R. LaPoint, Mark D'Esposito, William J. Jagust, Anne S. Berry
Summary: The study used [F-18]Fluoro-m-tyrosine ([F-18]FMT) PET imaging to measure serotonin synthesis capacity in the brains of healthy adults, and found that serotonin synthesis capacity increases with age. This is associated with longitudinal changes in cortical thickness, self-reported depression symptoms, AD-related tau and β-amyloid pathology, and sex differences.
MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Courtney C. Louis, Emily Jacobs, Mark D'Esposito, Jason Moser
Summary: Decades of research has shown the importance of dopamine signaling in the prefrontal cortex (pFC) for successful working memory performance. Genetic and hormonal factors, such as the COMT gene and 17 beta-estradiol, can influence individual differences in prefrontal dopamine tone. This study aimed to replicate and extend previous findings by investigating the moderating role of estradiol on cognition using a repeated-measures design across a menstrual cycle. The results supported the role of estrogen in dopamine-related cognitive functions and highlighted the need to consider gonadal hormones in cognitive science research.
JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Julian C. Motzkin, Ishan Kanungo, Mark D'Esposito, Prasad Shirvalkar
Summary: Precision neuromodulation is a promising therapeutic approach for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, finding optimal brain stimulation targets for chronic pain is challenging due to the variable central representations of pain in individuals. Recent advances in network neuroscience suggest that network-level estimates can provide a more reliable way to identify personalized candidate regions for brain stimulation. This review discusses the importance and implications of using network topology-informed brain stimulation targets for chronic pain.
FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Renee Lustenhouwer, Ian G. M. Cameron, Nens van Alfen, Ivan Toni, Alexander C. H. Geurts, Baziel G. M. van Engelen, Jan T. Groothuis, Rick C. Helmich
Summary: This study aimed to determine whether abnormal cerebral sensorimotor representations associated with peripheral nerve damage in neuralgic amyotrophy (NA) can be changed by specialized multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation. The results showed that the multidisciplinary rehabilitation group demonstrated significant clinical improvement on the Shoulder Rating Questionnaire, while both groups showed improvement in task performance and increased activity in visuomotor occipito-parietal brain areas specific to the affected upper extremity. This study suggests that abnormal cerebral sensorimotor representations can recover towards normality after peripheral nerve damage.
NEUROREHABILITATION AND NEURAL REPAIR
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Farzad Farahani, Waldemar Karwowski, Mark D'Esposito, Richard F. Betzel, Pamela K. Douglas, Anna Maria Sobczak, Bartosz Bohaterewicz, Tadeusz Marek, Magdalena Fafrowicz
Summary: Circadian rhythms have an impact on brain function, particularly on functional connectivity patterns and local/regional changes. Time of day affects areas associated with somatomotor, attention, frontoparietal, and default networks. The somatomotor, ventral attention, and visual networks are highly connected areas that show changes between morning and evening sessions.