Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Shiying Li, Yu Li, Yajun Ding, Ye Yuan, Zhongliang Xiao
Summary: This paper successfully synthesized sodium carboxymethyl-nitrocellulose (CMNC) with thermal stability, flame suppression, and anti-migration properties by reacting nitrocellulose with denitration and etherification. The thermal stability of CMNC was found to be better than that of original nitrocellulose, and its thermal decomposition behaviors were similar to both nitrocellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose.
Article
Thermodynamics
Andong Yu, Xinmiao Liang, Min Hua, Lu Qian, Xuhai Pan, Yiming Jang, Sanming Wang, Juncheng Jiang
Summary: Nitrocellulose, a versatile and thermosensitive material, has caused numerous fire and explosion accidents due to its thermal instability during production, transport, storage, and use. Humectants are commonly used to improve the safety of nitrocellulose. This study evaluated the thermal stability of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]) and its ability to serve as a humectant for nitrocellulose. Results showed that [Bmim][PF6] exhibited high thermal stability, inhibited the decomposition of nitrocellulose, and absorbed nitrogen dioxide, thereby improving the safety of nitrocellulose.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Sabri Touidjine, Moulai Karim Boulkadid, Djalal Trache, Elamine Louafi, Hamdane Akbi, Samir Belkhiri, Manel Nourine
Summary: This study investigates the effects of nanosized barium oxide (BaO) on the thermal decomposition kinetics and chemical stability of nitrocellulose. BaO nanoparticles were synthesized and combined with nitrocellulose. The prepared BaO nanoparticles and NC-based composites were characterized using spectroscopic, microscopic, and thermal analysis techniques. Differential scanning calorimetry tests and various isoconversional kinetic approaches were used to understand the thermal decomposition kinetics of the NC-based composite. Qualitative and quantitative stability tests were conducted to investigate the impact of BaO nanoparticles on the chemical stability of NC. The results show that the addition of nano barium oxide enhances both the thermal and chemical stabilities of nitrocellulose.
Article
Thermodynamics
Sabri Touidjine, Moulai Karim Boulkadid, Djalal Trache, Elamine Louafi, Hamdane Akbi, Samir Belkhiri, Djamel Eddine Kadri
Summary: This investigation examines the combined influence of nanosized titanium dioxide on the thermal decomposition kinetics and chemical stability of nitrocellulose. The results demonstrate that the addition of nano- and microparticles of titanium dioxide enhances the thermal stability and chemical stability of nitrocellulose.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Qi Sun, Yue Qiu
Summary: This paper investigated the risks of nitrocellulose used for lacquers in terms of spontaneous combustion through experimental and mathematical methods. The study analyzed the heat generation behavior and kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of nitrocellulose at different nitrogen contents and masses. It also examined the effects of heating rate and atmosphere on thermal behavior and derived critical ignition temperature and self-accelerating decomposition temperature. The research found that nitrocellulose with higher nitrogen content or larger package size had lower activation energy and thermal risks.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Salumeh Issazadeh, Seyed Mohsen Seraji, Masihullah Jabarulla Khan, Houlei Gan, Luke C. Henderson, Russell J. Varley
Summary: This study investigates the cure kinetics, thermal and mechanical properties, and fire resistance of a carbon fibre composite with a polymer matrix blend. The addition of modifiers in the matrix affects the reaction mechanism and final properties of the composite. Post-curing improves the performance of the composite, particularly in terms of fire resistance.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shang-Hao Liu, Xi-Zhan Zhang, Bin Zhang, Hong Su, Bin Laiwang
Summary: This study evaluates the risk of three IMILs during production, transportation, storage, and application using thermogravimetry (TG) and accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). The influence of different lengths of alkyl substituents on ILs stability was systematically analyzed, and the kinetic compensation effect was discussed. The experimental data confirm the slow runaway reaction of the three IMILs under adiabatic conditions.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yue Zhang, Depeng Kong, Ping Ping, Hengle Zhao, Xinyi Dai, Xiaotong Chen
Summary: The study found that in top-confined space, the heat flux of fire significantly increases, and the temperature and back surface temperature growth rate are higher in the early stage of thermal runaway. The fire extension length consists of three main stages, and there is a correlation between plate height and extension length.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Anene Oguaka, Natalia Flores Quiroz, Richard Walls
Summary: This study experimentally investigated the fire parameters of agricultural food grains, with a focus on African food grains. The research found that the oil content is the main determinant of the thermal fire hazard level in these grains, which have a higher fire hazard compared to wood pellets.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Yanguang Wu, Chaodong Li, Jia Gao, Lu Cai, Can Jiang, Hui Liu
Summary: In this study, GAP-HDI-NC graft polymer and its click reaction elastomer were successfully fabricated by azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reaction. The formulations were optimized to improve mechanical properties, thermal stability, and safety. The click reaction of azide group improved the thermal stability and safety performance, making it a potential solid propellant binder.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jie Xiong, Bo Jin, Xue-mei Yu, Ling Liao, Ru-fang Peng
Summary: A series of fullerene anisole derivative stabilizers were synthesized and characterized, showing good compatibility with nitrocellulose and effective stabilization of its degradation process.
DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Lu Han, Zhang Liu, Liming Yu, Zongqing Ma, Yuan Huang, Yongchang Liu, Zumin Wang
Summary: WC dispersion-reinforced Cu composites with high thermal stability were successfully fabricated using intermittent electrodeposition and spark plasma sintering. The WC nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the Cu matrix, impeding grain boundary migration and increasing the grain-growth activation energy. The composite exhibited significantly increased yield strength at high temperatures, making it suitable for use as a heat sink.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nikita Muravyev, Igor N. Melnikov, Daniil A. Chaplygin, Leonid L. Fershtat, Konstantin A. Monogarov
Summary: The thermal behavior of 3-Methylfuroxan (MMF) was analyzed using thermal analysis tools, and the thermal decomposition reaction was observed using pressure DSC. Kinetic analysis revealed two major stages, and the activation energy of the noncatalytic reaction was determined in a solution. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with thermal analyzer was used to identify the gas decomposition products, and the formation mechanism of a geminal cyanonitro compound was proposed.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Xinyu Lu, Haoquan Guo, Han Que, Dandan Wang, Dingxiang Liang, Tao He, Hossain Mahmud Robin, Chaozhong Xu, Xingguang Zhang, Xiaoli Gu
Summary: Lignin extracted from bio-ethanol production residue was used to synthesize a novel lignin-based flame retardant agent, which showed enhanced thermal stability and flame retardancy in epoxy resin composites. The significant effects of the modified flame retardant agent were mainly observed in the early and final stages of decomposition compared to general lignocellulosic biomass materials.
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Jianwei Zhang, Ling Chen, Liangyou Zhao, Guorui Jin, Weidong He
Summary: This study focuses on investigating the interaction mechanism between 1 H-tetrazole (1 H-TZ) and nitrocellulose (NC) using kinetics methods and TG-DSC-FTIR analysis. The results show that the gas 2 H-tetrazole significantly affects the thermal decomposition of NC.
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Chunxiang Wei, Tianyu Gao, Yu Xu, Wenjie Yang, Guangjian Dai, Ruiting Li, SanE E. Zhu, Richard K. K. Yuen, Wei Yang, Hongdian Lu
Summary: In this study, a bio-based additive, derived from magnolol, was successfully synthesized and used to improve the mechanical toughness, impact strength, and flame-retardant properties of epoxy resins (EPs). By incorporating the additive into the EP matrix, the composite material exhibited significantly enhanced flame-retardant and mechanical properties.
CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Nannan Zhu, Xuehui Wang, Que Huang, Chao Ding, Jian Wang
Summary: With the widespread use of lithium-ion batteries in important areas such as energy storage devices, electric vehicles, and aerospace, fire safety issues have become increasingly important. In this study, experiments were conducted on lithium-ion battery packs of different sizes and states of charge using a cone calorimeter, investigating parameters such as heat release rate, mass loss, and gas concentrations. The results showed similar combustion phenomena for packs with 50% and 100% state of charge, and a positive correlation between mass loss and heat release rate. The study also evaluated the toxicity of CO gas. These findings can help predict and mitigate the risk of large-scale battery fires.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Zhi Wang, Bo Yin, Qingjie Zhao, Jian Wang, Weiguang An, Haoran Zhai
Summary: Thermal runaway is a critical issue in the storage and application of lithium-ion cells. Through thermal runaway experiments and hazard analysis, it was found that cells with SOC between 50-100% exhibit strong gas venting under external heating, accompanied by higher surface temperature, temperature rate, voltage dropping, and mass loss. The gas centerline temperature distribution follows a piecewise exponential expression. The venting rate and internal pressure increase monotonously with increasing SOC.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Nannan Zhu, Xuehui Wang, Mingyi Chen, Que Huang, Chao Ding, Jian Wang
Summary: Currently, there are various applications for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in high-temperature environments, but the fire and explosion risks of LIBs pose a serious threat to transportation, industry applications, and the environment. This study investigates the characteristics of thermal runaway (TR) for commercial LIBs with different states of charge (SOCs) by considering the influence of ambient pressure. The results show that aging LIBs do not exhibit significant spark ejection, and the maximum flame temperature and average mass loss rate of LIBs are correlated with SOC. Additionally, a modified energy balance equation is established to quantify the relationship between cell surface temperature and SOC under different environmental conditions.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2023)
Article
Transportation
Hongliu Li, Long Xia, Jun Zhang, Weiguo Song, Kwok Kit Richard Yuen
Summary: This study investigates the movement characteristics of 40 preschool children in a 1.0 m wide corridor under low and high motivations. It found that the individual speed of children decreases with increasing density, both in normal and emergency conditions. In the turning region, running children prefer the inner boundaries while walking children prefer the outer boundaries. These findings contribute to a better understanding of preschool children's movement characteristics.
TRANSPORTMETRICA A-TRANSPORT SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Xiaomin Ni, Ye Chen, Qiurui Huang, Chenxi Zhao, Songyang Li, Jiahui Huang, Jian Wang
Summary: An experimental study was conducted on the transportation characteristics of perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone) (C6F12O) in a horizontal straight pipe, with temperature and pressure recorded. The results showed that C6F12O could be released completely within 2.0 s, with smaller temperature and pressure variations compared to CF3Br under similar conditions. Increasing the filling pressure reduced the discharge duration and pipeline temperatures, while increasing the filling density had little influence on the pipeline temperatures.
Article
Ecology
Ming Chian Yew, Ming Kun Yew, Richard Kwok Kit Yuen
Summary: Using lightweight fire-rated boards (LFRBs) is cost-effective for passive fire protection measures. The project aims to develop LFRBs with enhanced fire resistance, acoustic properties, and mechanical properties. The LFRBs were fabricated by blending vermiculite and perlite with flame-retardant binders, and they showed exceptional fire-resistant properties in comparison to commercially available flame-retardant boards.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Dongli Gao, Wei Xie, Ruifeng Cao, Eric Wai Ming Lee, Richard Kwok Kit Yuen, Jingwen Weng
Summary: Exit choice is crucial for pedestrian safety and evacuation efficiency in emergencies. This paper contributes by using cumulative prospect theory to predict exit choice and summarizing and examining different decision-making rules. The predictions from Max and Expo showed higher realism, while the results from Ratio were more robust, as indicated by the parameters of Accuracy and F1-score.
JOURNAL OF SAFETY SCIENCE AND RESILIENCE
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Rui Feng Cao, Eric Wai Ming Lee, Wei Xie, Dong Li Gao, Qian Chen, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Guan Heng Yeoh, Richard-Kwok-Kit Yuen
Summary: This study developed a fire-integrated evacuation model that considers the effects of spreading fire hazards on evacuees. It also introduced a quantitative approach to evaluate evacuees' fire risks and stress levels. The results demonstrate the importance of minimizing pre-evacuation time in fire emergencies.
JOURNAL OF SAFETY SCIENCE AND RESILIENCE
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Wei Xie, Dongli Gao, Ruifeng Cao, Eric Wai Ming Lee, Richard Kwok Kit Yuen, Jingwen Weng
Summary: This study developed a social force model integrated with a group force to understand leadership dynamics during evacuation. The transfer entropy (TE) method was applied to detect leadership based on movement information. The results showed that TE accurately measured leadership and found that leaders exerted increasing influence over time, while followers' influence diminished. Spatial positions were found to be correlated with leadership emergence.
JOURNAL OF SAFETY SCIENCE AND RESILIENCE
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhihui Zhang, Kangxue Zheng, Xiaoyao Ning, Xuehui Wang, Jian Wang
Summary: This study investigated the explosion characteristics of NH3/DME/air mixture and found that adding DME can increase the explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate, and shorten the explosion time. Additionally, adding DME reduces the critical flame radius, causing the flame to enter an unstable state earlier.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Nan Jiang, Lizhong Yang, Richard Kwok Kit Yuen, Chunjie Zhai
Summary: This paper proposes a learning-based approach for modeling microscopic pedestrian movement behavior before bottleneck through two sub models - velocity direction model and velocity magnitude model. Performance evaluation using fifteen original scenarios shows consistency with corresponding experiments in trajectories, density, velocity, flow vs. time curves and fundamental diagrams. Evaluation metrics like FDE, DE, MTE, and RDE prove the precision of simulation. The proposed approach has good capability and reliability in simulating pedestrian motion before the bottleneck and can be applied in passenger flow management and architectural design.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Xiaoyao Ning, Zhihui Zhang, Kangxue Zheng, Xuehui Wang, Jian Wang
Summary: Ethanol, as a representative renewable biofuel, has gained attention in the aviation field for its potential to reduce dependence on petroleum resources and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on the explosion characteristics of ethanol-air mixtures under aviation conditions, analyzing the effects of initial temperature and concentration on various explosion parameters. The findings reveal important relationships between these factors and provide insights into the safety considerations of ethanol in aviation.
Article
Ecology
Ye Chen, Chenxi Zhao, Qiurui Huang, Songyang Li, Jiahui Huang, Xiaomin Ni, Jian Wang
Summary: In aviation fire extinguishing systems, the geometry of the pipe has a significant impact on the discharge process of the extinguishing agent. The pressure distribution is influenced by the varying pipe diameter. The study of halon1301 discharge process using pipes of different diameters showed that the pressure drops through the valve/pipe/nozzle were affected by the pipe diameter.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Junling Wang, Shui Yu, Chao Cheng, Zhirong Wang, Yuen Kwok Kit Richard, Qi Zhang, Junhui Gong, Wei Cai, Tengfei He
Summary: To address the high thermal runway hazard of epoxy resin, researchers have adapted the method of preparing fire retardant epoxy resin composite with inorganic filler, with a focus on MXenes as potential flame retardant materials. By utilizing the hydrogen bonding induced strategy and in-situ growth method, they successfully obtained P-MX@UIO flame retardant with high efficiency. The P-MX@UIO exhibited significant reductions in heat release, smoke production, and CO production, and also showed improved storage modulus.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
