Article
Neurosciences
Matthew Leming, John Suckling
Summary: The study classified whole-brain functional connectivity MRI data using convolutional neural networks and found that resting-state data is more accurately classified than task data, with the inner salience network playing the most important role in the overall classification of resting-state data.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Pawel Krukow, Kamil Jonak
Summary: When performing cognitive tasks, people often experience mind wandering, which involves temporary distractions or personal associations that interfere with their stream of consciousness. This study aimed to identify the neural basis for individual differences in mind wandering. The results showed that individuals who tend to mind wander frequently exhibited decreased synchronization within the default mode network, and increased connectivity between task-related networks of different functional specificity. These findings suggest that mind wanderers have atypical organization of resting-state brain activity, which may lead to reduced resources for maintaining attentional control in task-related conditions.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Skye Satz, Yaroslav O. Halchenko, Rachel Ragozzino, Mora M. Lucero, Mary L. Phillips, Holly A. Swartz, Anna Manelis
Summary: Previous research suggests that individuals with depressive disorders (DD) have abnormal resting state functional connectivity and may experience memory dysfunction. However, little is known about the relationship between resting state functional connectivity and memory performance in individuals with DD. This study investigated this relationship in the context of object memory and found that the interaction between diagnostic status and memory accuracy significantly affected the connectivity between specific networks in individuals with DD. These findings suggest aberrant reactivation and consolidation processes in DD, which may contribute to rumination in depression.
FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Psychology, Clinical
Jules Roger Dugre, Stephane Potvin
Summary: Meta-analyses of resting-state fMRI studies on individuals with antisocial behaviors revealed significant connectivity deficits in various brain regions and a negative relationship between the severity of antisocial behaviors and connectivity with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest the importance of socio-affective and attentional processes in the pathophysiology of conduct and antisocial personality disorders.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Brandon J. Lew, Marie C. McCusker, Jennifer O'Neill, Sara H. Bares, Tony W. Wilson, Gaelle E. Doucet
Summary: This study investigates the relationship between aging and resting-state functional connectivity (FC) in people with HIV (PWH). The results show that both aging and HIV infection have independent effects on between-network FC. Furthermore, HIV infection leads to additional increases in FC, particularly between the default-mode and executive control networks. This suggests that HIV infection may cause a reorganization of major brain networks similar to aging.
HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Eric Jacob Bacon, Chaoyang Jin, Dianning He, Shuaishuai Hu, Lanbo Wang, Han Li, Shouliang Qi
Summary: This study used rs-fMRI data to characterize connectivity patterns in drug-resistant epilepsy, revealing significant connectivity changes in the default mode network (DMN) and the dorsal attention network (DAN). The combination of functional and effective connectivity analysis of rs-fMRI can aid in diagnosing epilepsy in the DMN and DAN networks.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Rheumatology
Michelle Barraclough, Shane McKie, Ben Parker, Rebecca Elliott, Ian N. Bruce
Summary: This study found altered functional connectivity within the default mode network in SLE patients regardless of disease activity, with depression accounting for some of the effect but SLE itself accounting for more. Further research is needed to assess if these changes may be a precursor to cognitive dysfunction in SLE. If so, rs-fMRI could be an early marker for cognitive dysfunction in SLE and assist in future treatment trials.
Article
Neurosciences
Zongpai Zhang, Wen-Ming Luh, Wenna Duan, Tony D. Zhou, Li Zhao, George Weinschenk, Adam K. Anderson, Weiying Dai
Summary: This study utilized dynamic arterial spin labeling to investigate the effects of focused attention meditation on resting-state functional connectivity, and found that meditation practice can increase connectivity between specific brain regions, with a positive association with meditation time, further enhancing the utilization of attention resources.
Article
Neurosciences
Davide Momi, Recep A. Ozdemir, Ehsan Tadayon, Pierre Boucher, Mouhsin M. Shafi, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Emiliano Santarnecchi
Summary: This study found that in TMS-evoked activity, the modularity and structural integrity of the stimulated network are more important than targeted regions or whole-brain connectivity, and the importance of network structural connectivity was only revealed by TMS-evoked activity, not resting-state data. Future clinical interventions may benefit from adopting DWI-guided, network-focused TMS to enhance target engagement.
Article
Neurosciences
Jewel E. Crasta, Mary Beth Nebel, Adrian Svingos, Robert N. Tucker, Hsuan Wei Chen, Tyler Busch, Brian S. Caffo, Jaclyn Stephens, Stacy J. Suskauer
Summary: Adolescents who have clinically recovered from concussion still exhibit subtle motor impairment, and there is limited information about the relationship between persistent motor impairment and brain-behavior. In this study, we examined this relationship and found that recovered adolescents showed greater motor deficits and increased connectivity between the default mode network (DMN) and left lateral premotor cortex compared to controls. Additionally, connectivity between DMN and left lateral premotor cortex was correlated with total motor deficit scores, suggesting that altered functional connectivity may contribute to motor deficits in recovered adolescents. Further research is needed to understand the long-term clinical significance and persistence of altered functional connectivity and associated motor deficits.
HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Raquel Cosio-Guirado, Carles Soriano-Mas, Ines Del Cerro, Mikel Urretavizcaya, Jose M. Menchon, Virginia Soria, Cristina Canete-Masse, Maribel Pero-Cebollero, Joan Guardia-Olmos
Summary: This study investigates the dynamic effective connectivity (EC) of the default mode network (DMN) in late-life depression (LLD) patients using fMRI. The results show that the proposed LLD diagnosis algorithm achieves perfect accuracy in classifying LLD patients and controls. The importance of specific ROIs, the shape of connections, and the number of dynamic effects are found to be significant factors for distinguishing LLD patients from controls in the DMN.
JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Danielle L. Kurtin, Garazi Arana-Oiarbide, Romy Lorenz, Ines R. Violante, Adam Hampshire
Summary: Switching is a complex cognitive process with costs in task performance, including slowed responses and reduced accuracy. The involvement of the multiple demand cortex (MDC) and the default mode network (DMN) in switching has been identified. This study investigated the role of the DMN in switching by collecting fMRI data from 24 participants playing a switching task with perturbed predictability across three switch dimensions. The results showed that switch trials recruited a broader activity map than stay trials, involving regions of both DMN and task-positive networks. Additionally, changes in sequential and perceptual predictability had significant effects on functional connectivity, suggesting that the DMN may contribute to executive task performance by coordinating with the MDC.
HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Byung-Hoon Kim, Min-Kyeong Kim, Hye-Jeong Jo, Jae-Jin Kim
Summary: Social anxiety is prevalent among young adults, and machine learning models using brain functional radiomic features can successfully predict its level.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Kathryn J. Devaney, Emily J. Levin, Vaibhav Tripathi, James P. Higgins, Sara W. Lazar, David C. Somers
Summary: Research has shown that experienced meditators demonstrate increased differential activation between the dorsal attention network and default mode network during sustained attention tasks as compared to controls. However, there were no evident differences between meditators and controls in attentional reorienting tasks. Resting-state functional connectivity analysis revealed a greater magnitude of anticorrelation between dorsal attention and default mode networks in meditators, suggesting long-term meditation practice may have brain health benefits.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ang Li, Haiyang Liu, Xu Lei, Yini He, Qian Wu, Yan Yan, Xin Zhou, Xiaohan Tian, Yingjie Peng, Shangzheng Huang, Kaixin Li, Meng Wang, Yuqing Sun, Hao Yan, Cheng Zhang, Sheng He, Ruquan Han, Xiaoqun Wang, Bing Liu
Summary: Consciousness arises from spatiotemporal neural dynamics and its relationship with neural flexibility and regional specialization is still unclear. A consciousness-related signature has been identified, indicating shifting spontaneous fluctuations along a unimodal-transmodal cortical axis. This signature is sensitive to altered states of consciousness and shows abnormal elevation under psychedelics and in psychosis. The hierarchical dynamic reflects brain state changes in global integration and connectome diversity under task-free conditions.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Anatomy & Morphology
Pedro Pinheiro-Chagas, Fengyixuan Chen, Niki Sabetfakhri, Claire Perry, Josef Parvizi
Summary: This study investigated the role of the angular gyrus (AG) in arithmetic processing. The findings suggest that the activation or deactivation of the AG during arithmetic processing is relatively low compared to other subregions of the inferior parietal cortex. The activated AG sites were mostly located at the border zones between the AG and other subregions. Additionally, the AG sites were more likely to be deactivated in trials with fast response times. The results also indicate that the changes in high-frequency-broadband (HFB) signal within specific AG sites were consistent regardless of whether arithmetic trials were presented with number words or digits, and during multiplication as well as addition trials.
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Alexander J. Ehrenberg, Michael A. Kelberman, Kathy Y. Liu, Martin J. Dahl, David Weinshenker, Neus Falgas, Shubir Dutt, Mara Mather, Mareike Ludwig, Matthew J. Betts, Joseph R. Winer, Stefan Teipel, Alexandra J. Weigand, Oxana Eschenko, Dorothea Haemmerer, Marina Leiman, Scott E. Counts, James M. Shine, Ian H. Robertson, Allan I. Levey, Elisa Lancini, Gowoon Son, Chrisoph Schneider, Maxime Van Egroo, Claudio Liguori, Qin Wang, Elena M. Vazey, Federico Rodriguez-Porcel, Lena Haag, Mark W. Bondi, Sven Vanneste, Whitney M. Freeze, Yeo-Jin Yi, Mihovil Maldinov, Jennifer Gatchel, Abhijit Satpati, Claudio Babiloni, William S. Kremen, Robert Howard, Heidi I. L. Jacobs, Lea T. Grinberg
Summary: The nuclei in the neuromodulatory subcortical system (NSS) play critical roles in survival, hedonic tone, and homeostasis. Degeneration of NSS occurs early in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), even before the emergence of memory dysfunction and cortical lesions. NSS dysfunction and degeneration are associated with the behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms observed in early AD stages. Experimental studies suggest that NSS degeneration contributes to the neuroinflammatory status and disease progression in AD. It is important to understand the mechanisms underlying NSS vulnerability and the clinical progression of NSS changes in AD.
ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA
(2023)
Review
Neurosciences
Brett L. L. Foster, Seth R. R. Koslov, Lyndsey Aponik-Gremillion, Megan E. E. Monko, Benjamin Y. Y. Hayden, Sarah R. R. Heilbronner
Summary: The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is a region of the brain that is not well understood, but it plays an important role in higher cognitive functions and brain diseases. Recent research suggests that the PCC can be divided into three subregions that support the integration of executive, mnemonic, and spatial processing systems. This tripartite subregional view reconciles previous theories and provides new avenues for future research.
NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Eli J. Mueller, Fulvia Palesi, Kevin Y. Hou, Joshua Tan, Thomas Close, Claudia A. M. Gandini Wheeler-Kingschott, Egidio D'Angelo, Fernando Calamante, James M. Shine
Summary: This study explores how the brain supports parallel processing during multi-tasking and finds that the interaction between the cerebral cortex and cerebellum is crucial in this process, providing robust evidence for their distributed interactions.
NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Matthew J. J. Georgiades, James M. M. Shine, Moran Gilat, Jacqueline McMaster, Brian Owler, Neil Mahant, Simon J. G. Lewis
Summary: Patients with Parkinson's disease experience freezing of gait during cognitive tasks, and their subthalamic nucleus recordings show abnormal firing patterns at low frequencies, which may inform the development of deep brain stimulation protocols.
MOVEMENT DISORDERS
(2023)
Review
Neurosciences
James M. Shine, Laura D. Lewis, Douglas D. Garrett, Kai Hwang
Summary: This Perspective examines the role of the human thalamus in systems-level control of information processing. The thalamus integrates signals from various brain regions and influences whole-brain activity and adaptive behavior. Recent advances in analytical techniques and access to large, high-quality data sets have re-established the thalamus as a core region of interest in human cognitive neuroscience.
NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alon Loeffler, Adrian Diaz-Alvarez, Ruomin Zhu, Natesh Ganesh, James M. Shine, Tomonobu Nakayama, Zdenka Kuncic
Summary: Nanowire networks (NWNs) can mimic the connectivity and dynamics of the brain, including the synaptic processes involved in higher-order cognitive functions. In this study, NWNs were used to replicate variations of the n-back task, a commonly used measure of human working memory. The NWNs were able to retain information in working memory for at least seven steps back, similar to the capacity of human subjects. Simulations further revealed the plasticity of NWN junctions and how memory consolidation occurs through strengthening and pruning of synaptic conductance pathways.
Review
Neurosciences
Anouk Tosserams, Bastiaan R. Bloem, Kaylena Ehgoetz A. Martens, Rick C. Helmich, Roy P. C. Kessels, James M. Shine, Natasha L. Taylor, Gabriel Wainstein, Simon J. G. Lewis, Jorik Nonnekes
Summary: In stressful situations, individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) may experience worsening of motor symptoms, including gait impairments. However, some patients report benefits from stressful or high-arousal situations. A study with 4324 PD patients shows that they use various mental strategies to cope with gait impairments, which can either increase or decrease overall sympathetic tone. This suggests that arousal can have both detrimental and alleviating effects on gait control in PD.
TRANSLATIONAL NEURODEGENERATION
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Michiel F. Dirkx, James M. Shine, Rick C. Helmich
Summary: Fluctuations in cerebral integration and arousal drive spontaneous fluctuations in PD rest tremor. Increasing cerebral integration and enhanced arousal amplify PD tremor activity. Attenuating enhanced cerebral integration may reduce tremor in PD.
MOVEMENT DISORDERS
(2023)
Letter
Critical Care Medicine
Josef Parvizi, Kapil Gururangan, Dan Knickerbocker, Baharan Kamousi, Raymond Woo
NEUROCRITICAL CARE
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alexander Brown, Nenad Tomasev, Jan Freyberg, Yuan Liu, Alan Karthikesalingam, Jessica Schrouff
Summary: Using multitask learning, this study proposes a method to directly test for shortcut learning in clinical ML systems. It is crucial to ensure that the use of machine learning in healthcare does not propagate or amplify health disparities. Understanding the (un)fairness of ML models and its underlying mechanisms is important, and shortcut learning can lead to algorithmic unfairness when ML models rely on improper correlations in the training data.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Eli J. Mueller, Brandon R. Munn, Michelle J. Redinbaugh, Joseph Lizier, Michael Breakspear, Yuri B. Saalmann, James M. Shine
Summary: The interaction between the cerebral cortex and the diffusely projecting matrix thalamic nuclei plays a key role in arousal and anesthesia. Using a whole-brain corticothalamic neural mass model based on empirical data, we investigate these processes. The model captures key features of propofol anesthesia, including diminished network integration, lowered state diversity, impaired susceptibility to perturbation, and decreased corticocortical coherence. Selectively stimulating the matrix thalamus reproduces empirical results in macaque and induces wake-like information processing states, demonstrating the role of matrix thalamocortical projections in shaping complex cortical dynamics to support conscious awareness.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Shawn D. X. Kong, Christopher J. Gordon, Camilla M. Hoyos, Rick Wassing, Angela D'Rozario, Loren Mowszowski, Catriona Ireland, Jake R. Palmer, Ronald R. Grunstein, James M. Shine, Andrew C. McKinnon, Sharon L. Naismith
Summary: In older adults at risk of dementia, increased parasympathetic activity during slow wave sleep is associated with stronger functional connectivity in both core and broader regions of the central autonomic network. Heart rate variability, specifically during slow wave sleep, may be a potential marker for autonomic dysfunction and brain-heart interaction in neurodegenerative diseases.
BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Review
Biology
James M. Shine
Summary: How does the nervous system control the massive dimensionality and complexity of its microscopic constituents to coordinate adaptive behavior? This study proposes that the ascending arousal system provides the brain with heterogeneous control parameters to modulate neuronal excitability and receptivity, acting as mediators for critical neuronal order. Through worked examples, the study demonstrates how the interaction between the neuromodulatory arousal system and the topological complexity of neuronal subsystems in the brain mediates complex adaptive behavior.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Anna Duong, Julian Quabs, Aaron Kucyi, Zoe Lusk, Vivek Buch, Svenja Caspers, Josef Parvizi
Summary: The functional organization of the human insular cortex at the microstructural level remains partially understood. However, a multimodal approach combining electrical stimulation and EEG recordings has provided insights into the role of different microstructural areas in conscious experience and sensory perception. The findings highlight the importance of finegrained cytoarchitectonic parcellations in understanding the functions of the human insula.
