Transesterification of para-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens) in the activated sludge

Hydrolysis is generally considered as the main pathway for the degradation of ester-type pollutants in aquatic environments. In this study, we found that when methanol or ethanol presented as the external carbon in the activated sludge, transesterification is very important for the degradation of para-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens). In the activated sludge solutions with 1% methanol added, contribution of transesterification to the degradation of the propyl substituted paraben (PrP) and ethyl substituted paraben (EtP) accounted for 46% and 83%, respectively, in the early stage of the reaction. This indicates that in aquatic environments with alcohols presence, parabens prefer to form small molecule homologues than hydrolysis to acid. The predominant transesterification in the activated sludge is related to enzyme preference. Amano lipase from Pseudomonas fiuorescens was verified to catalyze hydrolysis and transesterification of parabens, while the latter was dominant in water solution with 1% methanol or ethanol. Considering the common application of small molecular alcohols as the external carbon sources in wastewater treatment plants, transesterification might be an important pathway for the degradation of parabens pollutants in these engineering aquatic environments.