Journal
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
Volume 42, Issue 16, Pages 6852-6859Publisher
AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION
DOI: 10.1002/2015GL064796
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Funding
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [AGS-1104104]
- ESRL/CIRES
- NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award [ATM-0847793]
- California Air Resources Board [09-317]
- NSF
- Office of Science (BER) of the U.S. Department of Energy
- NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program Activities (ACMAP) [NNX11AH90G]
- NASA [NNX11AH90G, 145111] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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We report a new estimation of the injection of iodine into the stratosphere based on novel daytime (solar zenith angle<45 degrees) aircraft observations in the tropical tropopause layer and a global atmospheric (m)odel with the most recent knowledge about iodine photochemistry. The results indicate that significant levels of total reactive iodine (0.25-0.7 parts per trillion by volume), between 2 and 5 times larger than the accepted upper limits, can be injected into the stratosphere via tropical convective outflow. At these iodine levels, modeled iodine catalytic cycles account for up to 30% of the contemporary ozone loss in the tropical lower stratosphere and can exert a stratospheric ozone depletion potential equivalent to, or even larger than, that of very short-lived bromocarbons. Therefore, we suggest that iodine sources and chemistry need to be considered in assessments of the historical and future evolution of the stratospheric ozone layer.
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