Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Leibao Wang, Junjian Qi, Bo Hu, Kaigui Xie
Summary: This paper proposes a coupled interaction matrix to describe the interactions between line outages and load shed, and a highly probabilistic coupled interaction model for cascading effects. Simulation results show that identifying critical links based on a comprehensive severity index can effectively mitigate cascading failures in power systems.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Changsheng Chen, Shiying Ma, Kai Sun, Xuetao Yang, Chao Zheng, Xiaojun Tang
Summary: This paper proposes a scheme for isolating cascading outages in a local region by disconnecting inter-regional linkages of component failures. The scheme utilizes a data-driven inter-regional Interaction Graph to identify key linkages of component failures from different operating regions, which serve as indicators for the propagation of outages. When a high risk is predicted for the triggering of a key linkage, a remedial action is taken to shed a load amount determined by sensitivity analysis in order to mitigate the outages and stop their propagation. The proposed scheme is validated using the IEEE 118-bus test system and an actual power grid model.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Qinfei Long, Junhong Liu, Feng Liu, Yunhe Hou
Summary: To mitigate failure risk, a dynamic thermal rating (DTR) sensor can be placed in transmission lines. This paper proposes a submodular optimization-based DTR placement model that considers Braess paradox. A model based on Markov probability and important sampling weight techniques is utilized to quantify failure risk efficiently. The risk model is then applied to analyze the conditions for Braess paradox and reformulate the risk mitigation model with estimation error. A computationally efficient algorithm is designed to solve this nonmonotone submodular optimization, providing a provable approximation guarantee.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Meixuan Jade Li, Chi Kong Tse, Dong Liu, Xi Zhang
Summary: In this article, we investigate the patterns of local and nonlocal failure propagation in power systems and propose effective ways to mitigate them. By analyzing the prefault power flow condition using network flow theory and clustering the system, we understand that faults causing local power imbalance result in remote power transfer, while faults causing no local power imbalance lead to local power redistribution. Based on this understanding, we develop adaptive power balance restoration and selective edge protection strategies to prevent cascading failure propagation. Numerical simulations demonstrate that these strategies can significantly reduce blackout sizes and tolerate incorrect transmission line tripping.
IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL
(2023)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hasan M. Salman, Jagadeesh Pasupuleti, Ahmad H. Sabry
Summary: This paper discusses the application of energy management strategies in balancing electricity demand and generation in developing countries like Iraq. A thorough analysis is conducted to discuss the causes of power outages and the application of energy management strategies, as well as the consequences of power outages.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Olatunji Ahmed Lawal, Jiashen Teh
Summary: This study proposes a framework based on Markov processes to evaluate the reliability of electric power grid networks and cyber networks, addressing the integration of dynamic line rating (DLR) with the power grid. The results demonstrate that optimizing the placement of DLR sensors can significantly reduce the number of sensors required and improve network availability.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY GRIDS & NETWORKS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
David Szabo, Balint Nemeth
Summary: The reliable availability of electricity is crucial for both industrial and residential consumers, and the novel method of Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) offers a cost-effective way to improve the efficiency of power lines.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Lingfeng Tang, Haipeng Xie, Yun Wang, Hao Zhu, Zhaohong Bie
Summary: This paper proposes a novel data-driven prediction model to improve the accuracy of predicting typhoon-induced transmission line outages by quantifying the cumulative influence of dynamic data and mitigating the data imbalance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Ildar Daminov, Anton Prokhorov, Raphael Caire, Marie-Cecile Alvarez-Herault
Summary: The paper discusses the state of the art in transformer thermal limits, focusing on Dynamic Thermal Rating (DTR). It introduces a new concept of DTR feasible region based on current and temperature limitations, and demonstrates its effectiveness through case studies in Russia and France under different climatic conditions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Hugo Riggs, Shahid Tufail, Imtiaz Parvez, Mohd Tariq, Mohammed Aquib Khan, Asham Amir, Kedari Vineetha Vuda, Arif I. I. Sarwat
Summary: Several critical infrastructures have become targets of cyber attacks, causing interruptions and compromising personal information. This paper aims to summarize major cyber attacks on critical infrastructures in the past 20 years and analyze the types of attacks, consequences, vulnerabilities, as well as victims and attackers. It also provides cybersecurity standards and tools, along with an estimate of the number of future cyber attacks on critical infrastructures.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Ramesh Bahadur Bist, Sachin Subedi, Lilong Chai, Xiao Yang
Summary: Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are the main sources of air pollutants such as ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases. Controlling NH3 concentrations in poultry houses below 25 ppm is recommended to prevent negative impacts on animals, caretakers, and the environment. Understanding the influential factors and impacts of NH3 emissions is crucial for developing mitigation strategies and protecting animal welfare, health, and ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Nghia P. Tran, Chamila Gunasekara, David W. Law, Shadi Houshyar, Sujeeva Setunge, Andrzej Cwirzen
Summary: This paper elaborates on the primary mechanisms of drying shrinkage, mitigation strategies, and research gaps in cementitious materials. Effective methods such as the use of shrinkage-reducing admixture, replacement of cement with supplementary materials, and reinforcement with carbon nanotubes are identified to reduce drying shrinkage. These approaches can significantly improve the performance of concrete by mitigating the detrimental effects of drying shrinkage.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Peixing Yang, Jiang Yu
Summary: In this paper, the first fourth-order Melnikov analyses were used to identify the bifurcation of limit cycles from a cubic center under perturbation of quadratic polynomials up to the second order. Upper bounds for the number of limit cycles are provided, and these bounds can indeed be achieved.
APPLIED MATHEMATICS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jorge Cristobal, Ian Vazquez-Rowe, Maria Margallo, Diana Ita-Nagy, Kurt Ziegler-Rodriguez, Jara Laso, Israel Ruiz-Salmon, Ramzy Kahhat, Ruben Aldaco
Summary: Waste management is crucial for reducing environmental impacts, but many Latin American countries, including Peru, lack proper waste management systems. This study assesses the contribution of biodegradable waste in critical dumpsites to Peru's greenhouse gas emissions and estimates the potential for mitigation through closure strategies.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Philipp Glaum, Fabian Hofmann
Summary: The integration of wind and solar power into the power system is improved by transmission network expansion. However, the construction of new power lines is often delayed by citizen protests. This study shows that using Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) as an alternative can optimize the existing grid and improve the integration of renewables, resulting in cost savings of up to 5.5% for a fully decarbonized electricity system.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Paolo Gabrielli, Giovanni Sansavini, Siddhant Singh, Luis Sanz Garcia, Emmanuel Jacquemoud, Philipp Jenny
Summary: This study focuses on the modeling and optimization of CO2 heat pumps under different operating conditions. The researchers propose a modeling and optimization tool that accurately predicts and maximizes the performance of the heat pumps. By improving the thermodynamic cycle and incorporating various factors, the tool optimizes the heat pumps to achieve the highest coefficient of performance (COP).
JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME
(2022)
Article
Economics
Steffen O. P. Blume, Francesco Corman, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: This study proposes a Bayesian inference approach for static Origin-Destination estimation in large-scale networked transit systems. The average-delay model is generally more robust in determining accurate and precise coefficient posteriors across various combinations of observation properties. The Bayesian approach is at least as accurate as existing optimization approaches and proves robust in scaling to high-dimensional underdetermined problems.
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART B-METHODOLOGICAL
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Paolo Gabrielli, Philipp Hilsheimer, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: This article proposes a contractual setup called proxy storage power purchase agreement (PPA) to promote the deployment of energy storage technologies. By calculating the threshold price, the study finds that the PPA is financially attractive for PPA buyers and predicts the threshold prices for storage technologies and configurations in the European region for the next ten years. The research also identifies the UK and Germany as the most attractive countries for storage PPAs, and suggests coupling storage with wind energy generation to maximize revenues.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Paolo Gabrielli, Jordi Campos, Viola Becattini, Marco Mazzotti, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: This study investigates the optimal design of carbon capture, transport and storage (CCTS) supply chains for decarbonizing industrial emitters. The resilience of the supply chain, defined as its ability to permanently store captured CO2, is considered along with cost and emissions reduction. A model is developed to design CCTS supply chains that balance resilience, system costs, and CO2 emissions. The study provides insights into the optimal decarbonization strategy for the Swiss waste-to-energy sector.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL
(2022)
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Beatrice Cassottana, Muhammad M. M. Roomi, Daisuke Mashima, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: This article summarizes existing knowledge on CPS analysis and proposes a CPS resilience assessment framework. The framework consists of three steps - CPS description, disruption scenario identification, and resilience strategy selection, and provides methods and selection criteria for each step. The proposed framework is exemplified with a case study on a power substation and associated communication network, showing its support in quantifying the effects of resilience strategy implementation.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Arvind Srinivasan, Raphael Wu, Philipp Heer, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: In order to integrate renewable energy and decarbonize the electricity systems, more flexibility is needed to absorb power fluctuations, which requires the complement and partial replacement of current fossil-fueled power generation by decentralized flexibility. The concept of multi-energy system (MES) is considered promising in addressing flexibility challenges. A MES design and operation optimization model is developed in this paper, incorporating flexibility provision and utilizing MES technologies to provide frequency control reserves to the electricity grid. The results indicate that the designed MES can achieve 80% decarbonization and offer a significant amount of its available capacity as flexible reserves.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Behnam Akbari, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: This paper presents an adaptive robust optimal power flow algorithm to address the uncertainty associated with variable renewable energy resources. It employs second-order cone programming relaxation and a sequential convex programming procedure to solve the nonconvex power flow constraints. The proposed solution framework is verified on different system scales and uncertainty sizes, demonstrating its effectiveness.
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Industrial
Blazhe Gjorgiev, Laya Das, Seline Merkel, Martina Rohrer, Etienne Auger, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: The combination of physics-based modeling and machine learning methods allows for effective monitoring and identification of faulty insulators in power transmission lines. By training on a large dataset generated by the model, accurate fault detection models with over 99% accuracy can be obtained.
RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & SYSTEM SAFETY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Katherine E. Lonergan, Florian Egli, Sebastian Osorio, Giovanni Sansavini, Michael Pahle, Tobias S. Schmidt, Bjarne Steffen
Summary: Energy system models provide optimal investment pathways and guide policymakers in the low-carbon energy transition. However, the representation of the cost of capital (CoC) in these models remains unclear, despite its strong influence on outcomes. A review of 58 model-based publications suggests a lack of guiding principles for determining CoC, with many relying on unfounded assumptions. To address this, the study identifies barriers and suggests practical steps, including heuristic guidelines for differentiated CoC rates. Overall, improving the treatment of CoC will enhance the quality of model-based policy advice.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jacob Mannhardt, Paolo Gabrielli, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: Following the disruption of Russian natural gas flows to Europe, this study investigates the impact of collaborative and selfish behavior of European countries on tackling energy scarcity and supplying electricity, heat, and industrial gas to end users. The study finds that selfish behavior of certain European countries worsens energy scarcity for others, proactive collaborative energy savings combined with a mild winter can alleviate gas shortage stress, diversification of gas imports leads to bottlenecks in the gas network especially in Southeastern Europe, and the shift to coal-based power plants for electricity generation increases carbon emissions.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Linda Brodnicke, Paolo Gabrielli, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: Multi-energy systems can improve the performance of traditional energy systems in terms of economic, environmental, and social sustainability. This study assesses the impact of policy mechanisms on enabling these sustainability benefits. Four policy types are tested in a Swiss case study, and the results show the need to consider energy equity when designing policies. The carbon cap and carbon tax perform better in reducing emissions, while the feed-in tariff and carbon cap perform best in fostering self-sufficiency.
Article
Thermodynamics
Elena Raycheva, Blazhe Gjorgiev, Gabriela Hug, Giovanni Sansavini, Christian Schaffner
Summary: Power systems globally are undergoing changes due to the rapid transformation of the generation mix. These changes in the power system configuration may increase the risk of failures and lower security of supply. To ensure secure development while considering costs, it is necessary to have adequate tools for assessing and preparing for future energy transition scenarios. This paper presents a risk-informed approach for generation and transmission expansion planning that integrates cost-based planning with risk-based transmission expansion planning, resulting in cost-effective solutions that guarantee system security and account for the risk implications of changes.
Article
Engineering, Industrial
Anna Varbella, Blazhe Gjorgiev, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: Past events have shown that widespread blackouts are often caused by cascading failures in the power grid. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these failures is important in developing strategies to minimize their risks. Real-time detection of precursors to cascading failures can help operators take preventive measures. This study proposes a data-driven methodology for online estimation of cascading failure risks by using deep learning techniques. The results show that the developed Graph Neural Network (GNN) model has an accuracy and balanced accuracy above 96% on selected test datasets, outperforming the Feed-forward Neural Network (FNN) model.
RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & SYSTEM SAFETY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Huadong Mo, Xun Xiao, Giovanni Sansavini, Daoyi Dong
Summary: This study discusses the impact of new security threats on distributed generation systems when deploying advanced information and communication technologies. By quantifying the results of a game using a contest success function and optimizing DGS management based on real-world evidence, a three-stage attack+defend-defend-attack framework is proposed.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART O-JOURNAL OF RISK AND RELIABILITY
(2023)
Article
Economics
Katherine Emma Lonergan, Nicolas Suter, Giovanni Sansavini
Summary: Policymaking is increasingly focused on achieving an energy transition that is not only cost-effective and low carbon, but also fair and just. While energy system models have been valuable tools in achieving the first two objectives, their ability to support a just transition is still uncertain. A review of recent energy systems modelling studies suggests that there is potential for models to support a just transition, especially in terms of assessing distributional outcomes. However, many of the existing approaches in the literature are not well aligned with current energy justice goals and discourses, resulting in decreased policy relevance and suboptimal planning support. The authors propose eight actions for modellers to increase the policy relevance of their studies, including greater engagement with policy and research discourses, conducting location-specific case studies, involving public participation in the modelling process, and considering asset decommissioning.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Wandry R. Faria, Gregorio Munoz-Delgado, Javier Contreras, Benvindo R. Pereira Jr
Summary: This paper proposes a new bilevel mathematical model for competitive electricity markets, taking into account the participation of distribution systems operators. A new pricing method is introduced as an alternative to the inaccessible dual variables of the transmission system.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Chao Zhang, Liwei Zhang, Dong Wang, Kaiyuan Lu
Summary: The load disturbance rejection ability of electrical machine systems is crucial in many applications. Existing studies mainly focus on improving disturbance observers, but the speed response control during the transient also plays a significant role. This paper proposes a sliding mode disturbance observer-based load disturbance rejection control with an adaptive filter and a Smith predictor-based speed filter delay compensator to enhance the transient speed response.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Arif Hussain, Arif Mehdi, Chul-Hwan Kim
Summary: The proposed scheme in this research paper is a communication-less islanding detection system based on recurrent neural network (RNN) for hybrid distributed generator (DG) systems. The scheme demonstrates good performance in feature extraction, feature selection, and islanding detection, and it also performs effectively in noisy environments.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Zonghui Sun, Xizheng Guo, Shinan Wang, Xiaojie You
Summary: This paper presents a status pre-matching method (SPM) that eliminates the iterative calculations for resistance switch model, and simulates all operation modes of PECs through a more convenient approach. Furthermore, a FPGA implementation scheme is proposed to fully utilize the multiplier units of FPGA.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Rui Zhou, Shuheng Chen, Yang Han, Qunying Liu, Zhe Chen, Weihao Hu
Summary: In power system scheduling with variable renewable energy sources, considering both spatial and temporal correlations is a challenging task due to the complex intertwining of spatiotemporal characteristics and computational complexity caused by high dimensionality. This paper proposes a novel probabilistic spatiotemporal scenario generation (PSTSG) method that generates probabilistic scenarios accounting for spatial and temporal correlations simultaneously. The method incorporates Latin hypercube sampling, copula-importance sampling theory, and probability-based scenario reduction technique to efficiently capture the spatial and temporal correlation in the dynamic optimal power flow problem. Numerical simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy compared to existing methods.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Juan Manuel Mauricio, J. Carlos Olives-Camps, Jose Maria Maza-Ortega, Antonio Gomez-Exposito
Summary: This paper proposes a simplified thermal model of VSC, which can produce accurate results at a low computational cost. The model consists of a simple first-order thermal dynamics system and two quadratic equations to model power losses. A methodology is also provided to derive the model parameters from manufacturer data.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Jae-Kyeong Kim, Kyeon Hur
Summary: This paper investigates the relationship between the accuracy of finite difference-based trajectory sensitivity (FDTS) analysis and the perturbation size in non-smooth systems. The study reveals that the approximation accuracy is significantly influenced by the perturbation size, and linear approximation is the most suitable method for practical applications.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yuan Si, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam
Summary: This paper investigates the impact of geomagnetic disturbances on small signal stability in power systems and proposes the installation of blocking devices to mitigate the negative effects. Quantitative evaluation reveals that intense geomagnetic disturbances significantly increase the risk of small signal instability. Optimal placement of blocking devices based on sensitivity scenarios results in a significant reduction in the risk index compared to constant and varying induced geoelectric fields scenarios.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Xuejian Zhang, Wenxin Kong, Nian Yu, Huang Chen, Tianyang Li, Enci Wang
Summary: The intensity estimation of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) varies depending on the method used. The estimation using field magnetotelluric (MT) data provides the highest accuracy, followed by the estimation using 3D conductivity models and the estimation using a 1D conductivity model. The GICs in the North China 1000-kV power grid have reached a very high-risk level, with C3 and C4 having a significant impact on the geoelectric field and GICs.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yue Pan, Shunjiang Lin, Weikun Liang, Xiangyong Feng, Xuan Sheng, Mingbo Liu
Summary: This paper introduces the concept and model of offshore-onshore regional integrated energy system, and proposes a stochastic optimal dispatch model and an improved state-space approximate dynamic programming algorithm to solve the model. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness and high efficiency of the proposed method in improving economic and environmental benefits.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Mohammad Eydi, Reza Ghazi, Majid Oloomi Buygi
Summary: Proportional current sharing, voltage restoration, and SOCs balancing in DC microgrid control algorithms are the leading challenges. This paper proposes a novel communication-less control method using a capacitor and a DC/DC converter to stabilize the system and restore the DC bus voltage. The method includes injecting an AC signal into the DC bus, setting the current of energy storage units based on frequency and SOC, and incorporating droop control for system stability. Stability analysis and simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Xiangjian Meng, Xinyu Shi, Weiqi Wang, Yumin Zhang, Feng Gao
Summary: With the increasing penetration of photovoltaic power generation, regional power forecasting becomes critical for stable and economical operation of power systems. This paper proposes a minute-level regional PV power forecasting scheme using selected reference PV plants. The challenges include the lack of complete historical power data and the heavy computation burden. The proposed method incorporates a novel reference PV plant selection method and a flexible approach to decrease the accumulated error of rolling forecasting.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Huabo Shi, Yuhong Wang, Xinwei Sun, Gang Chen, Lijie Ding, Pengyu Pan, Qi Zeng
Summary: This article investigates the dynamic stability characteristics of the full size converter variable speed pumped storage unit and proposes improvements for the control strategy. The research is important for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of the unit.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Firmansyah Nur Budiman, Makbul A. M. Ramli, Houssem R. E. H. Bouchekara, Ahmad H. Milyani
Summary: This paper proposes an optimal harmonic power flow framework for the daily scheduling of a grid-connected microgrid, which addresses power quality issues and ensures effective control through demand side management.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Cong Zeng, Ziyu Chen, Jizhong Zhu, Fellew Ieee
Summary: This paper introduces a distributed solution method for the multi-objective OPF problem, using a coevolutionary multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and the idea of decomposition. The problem is alleviated by decomposing decision variables and objective functions, and a new distributed fitness evaluation method is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and its excellence in large-scale systems.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)