Tracing submarine groundwater discharge flux in Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong (China)

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important pathway for groundwater and associated chemicals to discharge to the sea. Groundwater levels monitored along a transect perpendicular to the shoreline are used to calculate SGD flux from the nearshore aquifer to Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong (China). The calculated SGD flux-recharge/discharge measured with Darcy's Law methods-agrees well with estimates based on geo-tracer techniques and seepage meter in Tolo Harbor during previous studies. The estimated freshwater SGD is 1.69-2.0 m(2)/d at the study site and 0.3 +/- 0.04 cm/d for the whole of Tolo Harbor, which is comparable to the river discharge (0.25 +/- 0.07 cm/d) and precipitation (0.45 +/- 0.15 cm/d). The tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone is 13.98-17.59 m(2)/d at the study site and 2.42 +/- 0.56 cm/d for the whole of Tolo Harbor. The SGD occurring in the subtidal zone and the bottom of Tolo Harbor is 3.12 +/- 4.63 cm/d. Fresh SGD accounts for similar to 5% of the total SGD, while the rest (similar to 95%) is contributed by saline SGD driven by various forces. About 96% of the tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone occurs in the ebbing tide period because the head difference between the groundwater level and sea level is great during this period. Tide-driven SGD in the spring tide is similar to 1.2 times that during neap tide. The tidal fluctuation amplitude and tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone are positively correlated to each other; thus, a spring neap variation of the tide-driven SGD is observed.