Kinetic Dissipation Around a Dipolarization Front

Kinetic aspects of energy conversion and dissipation near a dipolarization front (DF) in the magnetotail are considered using fully kinetic 3-D particle-in-cell simulations. The energy conversion is described in terms of the pressure dilatation, as well as the double contraction of deviatoric pressure tensor and traceless strain rate tensor, also known as the Pi-D parameter in turbulence studies. It is shown that in contrast to the fluid dissipation measure, the Joule heating rate, which cannot distinguish between ion and electron dissipation and reveals deep negative dips at the DF, the Pi-D parameters, as kinetic analogs of the Joule heating rate, are largely positive and drastically different for ions and electrons. Further analysis of these parameters suggests that ions are heated at and ahead of the DF due to their reflection from the front, while electrons are heated at and behind the DF due to the long-wavelength lower-hybrid drift instability.