Seasonal testosterone and corticosterone patterns in relation to body condition and reproduction in a subtropical pitviper, Sistrurus miliarius

Seasonal constraints on the timing and intensity of reproductive events shape observed variation in life history strategies across latitudes. Selection acts on the endocrine mechanisms that underlie reproductive investment. It is therefore important to examine the seasonal relationship between hormones and reproduction in geographically and phylogenetically diverse taxa. Snakes have proven to be a valuable model in investigations of seasonal hormone production and behavior in field-active vertebrates, but most research has focused on temperate populations from highly seasonal environments. To reduce this bias, we provide a description of the seasonal relationships among testosterone, corticosterone, body condition, and reproductive behavior in a subtropical population of Pygmy Rattlesnakes, Sistrurus miliarius. In central Florida, Sistrurus miliarius exhibits a prolonged breeding season (September-January) compared to most temperate zone snakes. Despite the extended breeding season, the pattern of testosterone in the population was highly seasonal and very similar to temperate pitvipers with a shorter mating season. Testosterone declined steadily through the mating season, but males sampled while engaging in mating behaviors had higher testosterone compared to solitary males throughout the mating season. Testosterone was negatively related to corticosterone throughout the breeding season and during times of year when the gonads were presumed to be quiescent and no mating behavior was observed. Testosterone was positively related to individual body condition both within and outside of the breeding season. A review of the literature reveals no consistent pattern regarding the relationship between corticosterone and testosterone in snakes, but suggests that the condition-dependence of steroid production may be consistent across snake taxa.