Article
Engineering, Civil
Kiarash Koushfar, Ahmad Baharuddin Abd. Rahman, Seyed Jamal Aldin Hosseini, Sung-Hyun Kim, Lila Soufia, Yusof Ahmad, Su-Min Kang, Yun Zhou, Jong-Min Lee, Hyeon-Jong Hwang
Summary: This study investigates the feasibility of grouted splice sleeve connections (GSSC) using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials. Experimental tests and analytical models were conducted to evaluate the bond performance of the connected steel rebars and the tensile strength of the GSSC sleeves. The results show that the rebar embedded length and mechanical properties of FRP sheets have significant effects on the performance of the connections.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
S. Krishnaveni, Senthil Rajendran
Summary: This article reviews the bond strength of concrete with steel rebars, focusing on the influence of various parameters and discussing the application of artificial neural networks in predicting bond strength. International codes and literature provide valuable insights into the understanding of bond properties of concrete.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Zhiqiang Wang, Chengjun Wu, Tiantian Li, Wei Xiao, Hongyi Wei, Hongya Qu
Summary: This study introduced a new design of the grouted corrugated duct connection (GCDC), which improves the structure integrity, bond strength, and ease of constructability. Experimental results showed that a connection length of 30 times the rebar diameter would guarantee the bond strength. The behavior of the precast column was similar to that of the cast-in-place column.
JOURNAL OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Qiang Wang, Weiyang Qin, Chunling Lu
Summary: Using large-diameter longitudinal rebar to replace medium-diameter longitudinal rebar can reduce the number of rebars and alleviate the congestion issue in concrete. The seismic behavior of precast concrete (PC) columns with different-diameter longitudinal rebars was uncertain. To evaluate the influence of large-diameter longitudinal rebar replacement on the seismic behavior, a series of tests were conducted, and the results showed that the behavior was similar to cast-in-place (CIP) columns in general. However, the bond-slip between longitudinal rebar and concrete caused by large-diameter longitudinal rebar might have a negative impact on the seismic behavior of the columns.
Article
Engineering, Geological
Are Havard Hoien, Charlie C. Li, Ning Zhang
Summary: The study investigates the pull-out mechanism of fully grouted bolts under different embedment conditions, identifying three failure mechanisms and their corresponding loading conditions. The research results show that the embedment length of bolts is crucial, including elastic deformation length, plastic deformation length, and completely debonded length.
ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Daniel Wohlfahrt, Hannes Franz Maria Peller, Steffen Mueller, Niels Modler, Viktor Mechtcherine
Summary: Carbon concrete is a promising new material in construction industry that reduces concrete cover, enabling lean construction and conservation of resources. Helix pultrusion is capable of producing carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement bars with tailored fiber orientation. Thorough testing and comparison with other variants have been conducted to ensure manufacturing feasibility and load-bearing capacity.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Jiongfeng Liang, Jianguo Liu, Li Fan, Rui Ren, Wei Li, Wenrui Yang
Summary: This study found that using crumb rubber in concrete decreases bond strength, which decreases with increasing compressive strength of recycled crumb rubber concrete. The type and content of rubber also affect bond strength, with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars showing stronger bonds than basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars.
COMPUTERS AND CONCRETE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Huiyong Ban, Zijian Chen, Yong Xiang, Zhaodong Li
Summary: This study investigates the bond behavior of stainless-clad bimetallic rebar in concrete through a series of tests. The results provide valuable insights into the failure modes, bond-slip curves, bonding strength, and residual strength of bond. Comparisons with other types of rebars are also made. Furthermore, a constitutive relationship model and design suggestions are proposed for the practical use of stainless-clad bimetallic rebar.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ahmed Godat, Shaima Aldaweela, Hamda Aljaberi, Noura Al Tamimi, Ebtesam Alghafri
Summary: This experimental study investigates the bond strength of FRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete compared to normal-aggregate concrete, showing promise for recycled aggregates as an alternative in FRP reinforced concrete. The use of recycled aggregate enhances the bearing friction behavior between FRP bars and concrete.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Sandor Solyom, Matteo Di Benedetti, Gyorgy L. Balazs
Summary: The study examines the impact of air-entraining admixtures on the bond behavior of FRP bars in concrete, finding that the bond strength of FRP bars in AEC is significantly lower than in normal concrete, although this decrease can be compensated for by increasing the reinforcement development length during the design stage.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xinyu Hu, Weichen Xue, Jiazheng Song, Jize Mao
Summary: Ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) significantly improves the bond with reinforcing bars, allowing for smaller bar splice lengths and ease of construction when connecting precast concrete columns. The experimental and numerical study demonstrates the excellent hysteretic performance and bearing capacity of precast columns with UHPFRC connections. Practical considerations and recommendations are provided for implementation.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Hao Wang, Ruijun Liang, Jian Li, Jiawei Liu, Hourong Li, Xiaozhong Hu, Kehong Zhu
Summary: In this study, the anchorage performance of the grouted corrugated duct connection (GCDC) was investigated through a two-phase experimental program. The first phase focused on factors affecting the anchorage requirement of GCDC, while the second phase analyzed the bond-slip constitutive relationship and developed a comprehensive constitutive model. The findings provide important reference for engineering application and finite element analysis of GCDC.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Minghong Qiu, Xudong Shao, Yanping Zhu, Husam H. Hussein, Yeping Liu
Summary: This study presents a proposed ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) grouted sleeve connection for assembled pre-cast elements, aiming to reduce defects, enhance durability, and accelerate construction. Tensile and flexural tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the connection, and strain changes in different parts were analyzed. The results show that the UHPC grouted sleeve connection performs well in precast elements.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Minghong Qiu, Xudong Shao, Yanping Zhu, Husam H. Hussein, Yeping Liu
Summary: This study introduces an ultrahigh performance concrete grouted sleeve connection for assembled precast elements, which can reduce defects, enhance durability, and accelerate structure construction. Tensile and flexural tests were conducted to investigate the performance of the connection with different grouting materials, rebar diameters, and anchoring lengths. The study provides valuable insights for the design of the UHPC grouted sleeve connection for assembled precast elements.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yuan Huang, Zhifan Yu
Summary: The addition of coarse aggregate (CA) can effectively control the shrinkage and cost of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). In this paper, a pull-out test was conducted to investigate the effects of CA strength, size, content, fiber content, cover thickness, and bond length on the bonding behavior of UHPC and steel rebar. The results showed that CA significantly affected the bond strength by delaying and preventing the expansion of microcracks. Increasing the CA strength and content improved the bond strength, and the CA size of 5-8 mm exhibited the best performance. A formula for calculating bond strength and a bond-slip constitutive model were proposed, which were found to be in agreement with the experimental results.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Hamdy A. Abdel-Gawwad, Salah Kassem, Aref Abadel, Hussam Alghamdi, Moncef L. Nehdi, Hamad Shoukry
Summary: Geopolymer bricks were synthesized from lead glass sludge and alumina flakes filling waste. The use of thermally treated lead glass sludge improved the mechanical properties of the bricks and reduced the environmental impact.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Samira Rastbod, Farnaz Rahimi, Yara Dehghan, Saeed Kamranfar, Omrane Benjeddou, Moncef L. Nehdi
Summary: Recent developments in indirect predictive methods have led to promising solutions in energy consumption modeling. This study proposes and evaluates a new integrated methodology for estimating the annual thermal energy demand (D-AN), which is an indicator of building heating and cooling loads. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network is trained using the symbiotic organism search (SOS) algorithm, known for its strength as a metaheuristic algorithm. Benchmark algorithms such as political optimizer (PO), harmony search algorithm (HSA), and backtracking search algorithm (BSA) are also used and compared. The results demonstrate that utilizing building properties within an artificial intelligence framework provides a suitable prediction for the D-AN indicator, and the suggested MLP-SOS model achieves accurate learning and reproduction of the nonlinear D-AN pattern with nearly 1% error and 99% correlation, outperforming other models like MLP-PO, MLP-HSA, and MLP-BSA. The discovered solution is expressed in an explicit mathematical format for practical applications in the future.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Aref A. Abadel, Hussam Alghamdi, Yousef R. Alharbi, Mohammed Alamri, Mohammad Khawaji, Mohammed A. M. Abdulaziz, Moncef L. Nehdi
Summary: This study investigated the production process of eco-efficient alkali-activated slag-based samples using recycled construction cementitious materials (RCCM) and red mud (RM). The findings showed that when a high quantity of dehydrated cement powder (DCP) and red mud were used, the strength and durability of the specimens improved significantly. It was concluded that DCP and RM could be potential sustainable binder substitutes, allowing waste valorization and reducing negative environmental impact.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mohammad Reza Akbarzadeh, Hossein Ghafourian, Arsalan Anvari, Ramin Pourhanasa, Moncef L. Nehdi
Summary: This study develops a novel integrative method for efficient prediction of concrete compressive strength (CCS) by tuning an artificial neural network (ANN) with electromagnetic field optimization (EFO). The results show that the ANN-EFO is a highly efficient hybrid model for the early prediction of CCS.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Xuesong Zhang, Farag M. A. Altalbawy, Tahani A. S. Gasmalla, Ali Hussein Demin Al-Khafaji, Amin Iraji, Rahmad B. Y. Syah, Moncef L. Nehdi
Summary: This research compared various machine learning models to forecast the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rocks. The support vector machine with radial basis function outperformed all other methods and achieved high accuracy (R-2 = 0.99, PI = 1.92). The models showed excellent accuracy (R-2 > 90%) in estimating UCS, with a small average difference of +0.28% compared to the measured values.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Safeer Abbas, Farwa Jabeen, Adeel Faisal, Moncef L. Nehdi, Syed Minhaj Saleem Kazmi, Sajjad Mubin, Sbahat Shaukat, Muhammad Junaid Munir
Summary: The alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a major cause of premature concrete degradation. This study investigated the effects of cement alkali content, exposure solution concentration, temperature, and test duration on mortar bar expansion. Various factors and their interactions were analyzed using a factorial experimental design. The study revealed the contribution of different exposure conditions to ASR expansion, highlighting the importance of selecting suitable aggregate sources for sustainable construction.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Habib Satria, Rahmad B. Y. Syah, Moncef L. Nehdi, Monjee K. Almustafa, Abdelrahman Omer Idris Adam
Summary: This article proposes an effective evolutionary hybrid optimization method, CNGPS, based on the northern goshawk optimization algorithm (NGO) and pattern search (PS), for identifying unknown parameters in photovoltaic (PV) models. The effectiveness of the CNGPS algorithm is verified through mathematical test functions and compared with conventional NGO and other optimization methods. The CNGPS algorithm demonstrates better performance and lower error in parameter extraction for PV models.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Afshin Marani, Lei Zhang, Moncef L. Nehdi
Summary: This study developed latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) LC3 composites by replacing 50% of ordinary Portland cement with metakaolin and limestone, and incorporating microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCM), which can reduce both embodied and operational carbon. Various experimental techniques were used to characterize the developed composite. The results showed that MPCM inclusion prolonged the dormant period and reduced hydration peaks, while the hydration products and compressive strength were not significantly affected. Moreover, the integration of MPCM increased the porosity of the composite, and the LHTES-LC3 composites could regulate indoor temperature fluctuations and reduce operational energy consumption and carbon emissions of buildings by up to 3.5 degrees Celsius.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
M. T. Unal, H. S. Gokce, P. Ayough, A. M. Alnahhal, O. Simsek, M. L. Nehdi
Summary: This review comprehensively analyzes the effects of fiber reinforcements and nanomaterials on geopolymer composites, highlighting their roles and potential in improving mechanical performance.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Hossein Ghafourian, Seyed Sepehr Ershadi, Daria K. Voronkova, Sayeh Omidvari, Leila Badrizadeh, Moncef L. Nehdi
Summary: In recent years, research has been focused on designing buildings with higher energy efficiency and lower emissions while considering multiple objectives. This study aims to develop a new technique to solve this challenging multiple-objective optimization problem.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Sepideh Nasrollahpour, Daryoush Yousefi Kebria, Moncef L. Nehdi, Amin Tanhadoust, Mohammad Ghavami
Summary: This study aimed to synthesize organoclay as an efficient alternative for removing BTEX and phenol from brackish water. The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was utilized due to its high hydrophobicity and adsorption capabilities. The effects of contact time, DNAPL and LNAPL concentrations, and organoclay CECs were investigated. An adsorption capacity of 4.7-9.2 g/g was achieved, and a Bayesian neural network (BNN) model accurately predicted the adsorption capacity. The optimized CEC values were found to be around 150%-200%.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS TOXIC AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Jesika Rahman, A. H. M. Muntasir Billah, Palisa Arafin, Kamrul Islam, Moncef L. Nehdi
Summary: The study aims to develop a simple and efficient model for predicting the compressive strength of gusset plates. Machine learning techniques were used to select the CatBoost and XGBoost models, which outperformed existing methods with accuracy rates of 95% and 96%, respectively. These interpretable ML models provide a higher level of accuracy and performance compared to traditional methods.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Shenyu Wang, Xiaowei Gu, Jianping Liu, Zhenguo Zhu, Hongyu Wang, Xiaowei Ge, Xiaochuan Xu, Moncef L. Nehdi
Summary: This study investigates the effect of fly ash (FA) on the properties of MK cement and the interaction between MK and FA on microstructure and hydration products. The results show that adding an appropriate amount of FA improves the flowability and setting time of the cement-MK system, resulting in a more uniform structure and higher compressive strength.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Safeer Abbas, Rashid Hameed, Moncef Nehdi, Mudasir Afzal, Sbahat Shaukat
Summary: This study investigates the impact of different finishing rolling temperatures and chemical compositions of scrap steel on the mechanical properties of steel rebars. The findings suggest that increasing the finishing rolling temperature leads to an increase in average grain size, resulting in a decrease in ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness. On the other hand, increasing the carbon content enhances the hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and yield strength, but reduces the elongation and modulus of toughness of the rebars.
CASE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Liu Jie, Parisa Sahraeian, Kseniya I. Zykova, Majid Mirahmadi, Moncef L. Nehdi
Summary: This study used three metaheuristic algorithms to optimize an artificial neural network model for accurately predicting the friction capacity of driven piles. The results indicate that these algorithms can provide efficient computational intelligence alternatives for the reliable design of driven piles.
CASE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Qi Jiang, Wei Liu, Shaopeng Wu, Xuanwen Gou
Summary: This study analyzes the erosion mechanisms of NaCl solution on asphalt concrete and finds that NaCl solution softens asphalt and promotes the intrusion of crystalline salt into it. Salt crystallization alters the surface roughness of aggregates, resulting in a decrease in skid resistance but an improvement in compressive strength. Additionally, the concentration of NaCl solution initially has no significant impact on the mechanical performance of asphalt concrete, but its domination gradually increases with the intensification of cyclic effects.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Lili Kan, Lan-qing Dai, Ning Kong, Bin Peng, Fei Wang
Summary: This paper investigates the effect of freezing and thawing cycles on the tensile behavior of cracked ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). The results show that long-term freezing and thawing action deteriorates the cracking strength, tensile strength, tensile strain, and strain energy of cracked UHPC. On the other hand, the action of water generally favors the development of tensile properties of UHPC. The crack distribution tends to be unsaturated under freezing and thawing environment, and the re-hydration reaction is hindered. The pore structure near the crack varies under different environments.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xin Xiao, Jingwei Li, Qingke Meng, Xiangshan Hou, Yanhui Liu, Xujiang Wang, Wenlong Wang, Shengtao Lu, Yuzhong Li, Yanpeng Mao, Tong Li
Summary: Preparing gypsum-based self-leveling mortar (GSLM) using beta-hemihydrate gypsum and solid wastes-derived sulfoaluminate cement (WSAC) can improve the mechanical performance of the mortar, but phosphorus impurities can weaken the hydration speed and degree.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Sihang Bao, Junzhen Di, Yanrong Dong, Ziqing Gao, Qing Gu, Yuanfang Zhao, Hongyu Zhai
Summary: Tailings dam break and leakage accidents pose a threat to the safety of people in mining areas and cause severe environmental pollution. This study focuses on solidifying tailing sand using microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) to improve strength and fix heavy metals. The curing time of MICP bio-cemented tailings is found to significantly impact the strength of tailings, while its effect on heavy metal fixation is minimal. The optimized MICP curing time is 10 days, resulting in improved strength and cementation of tailings particles.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ferhat Benmahiddine, Fares Bennai, Achraf Charaka, Ameur El Amine Hamami, Abdelkader Tahakourt, Rafik Belarbi
Summary: This paper studied the effects of hysteresis on the hygrothermal behavior at the building scale. Through laboratory validation and numerical simulations, it was found that hysteresis has a significant impact on the relative humidity and total heat fluxes in buildings, while it does not have a noticeable effect on temperature variations.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
You Gao, Wei He, Xiayang Zhang, De'an Sun, Pei Li
Summary: This study determined the boundary line between the swelling and compression deformation zone in lateritic clay through wetting tests, and proposed a simple bimodal SWRC model. It also found that the existing strength model underestimated the tested values in the medium to high suction range, therefore a segmented strength equation was introduced for enhanced predictions of the strength properties of lateritic clay.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Prabhath Ranjan Kumar Soda, Asheer Mogal, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Nikhil Thota, Nimish Bandaru, Sanjay Kumar Shukla, K. M. Mini
Summary: This study investigates the use of encapsulated bacteria to improve the self-healing ability of concrete. Through various tests, it is found that using 20% cement-coated alginate beads (CCAB) and 5% nanosilica (NS) can achieve optimal strength and healing. This research is significant for enhancing the durability of concrete.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Shizhe Wang, Haiping Wu, Wen Yang, Wei Wang, Zhibo Zhu, Kun Nie, Luoxin Wang, Hua Wang, Jing Wu
Summary: In this study, photothermal-heat storage concrete (PHSC) was developed with excellent photothermal conversion performance and heat storage capacity. By absorbing and storing solar energy during the day and releasing it at night, PHSC can effectively reduce energy consumption in buildings.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Robin Deb, Jialuo He, Geetika Mishra, Yaghoob (Amir) Farnam
Summary: Incorporation techniques of phase change materials in cementitious composites have a significant influence on thermal properties. This study investigated the thermal behavior of low-temperature PCM when subjected to varying temperature change rates and pore confinement inside the porous network of lightweight aggregates. The results showed that ramp rates affect the nucleation and crystallization growth process during the phase transition, and the pore structure of the aggregates affects the supercooling phenomenon and confinement pressure of the PCM.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Eduardo Ferreira, Payam Sotoudeh, Dagmar Svecova
Summary: This study investigates the fatigue behavior of concrete under different stress reversal conditions. The results indicate that stress reversal generally causes more severe damage and reduces the cycles to failure compared to tensile fatigue. Additionally, adding some level of compression contributes to the energy required for failure under stress reversal fatigue. Specimens with higher concentration of fractured aggregates achieve longer fatigue lives.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Mag Raj Gehlot, Sandeep Shrivastava
Summary: This study evaluates the compatibility relationship between plaster bonds and the substrate under an accelerated aging environment, and finds that incorporating an appropriate amount of granite cutting waste can improve the strength parameters and adhesion of the cement mortar.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Min Zhang, Qirui Luo, Mingke Deng, Shixing Zhao
Summary: This study investigated the bond behavior between carbon FRCM composites with added short fibers and concrete substrates. The effects of different factors were considered and 36 specimens were tested and discussed. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of failure mode, load-slip curve, and characteristic parameters, and the contribution of weft yarns was taken into account in the developed bondslip model.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Dengkai Liu, Hongniao Chen, Ray Kai Leung Su
Summary: The susceptibility of building stones to fire and high temperature was investigated in this study by examining their physical and mechanical properties. The results show that both compressive and tensile properties of stones are affected by temperature changes. The tensile strength is particularly sensitive to temperature changes, requiring special attention to the components subjected to tensile stress in stone buildings. Principal component analysis was used to predict the mechanical properties of stones, providing a new method for calculating the residual mechanical properties after high temperature or fire.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Joso Maria Raposo, Eduardo Cavaco, Luis Costa Neves, Eduardo Julio
Summary: This paper investigates the correlation between the friction coefficient and the surface roughness of concrete-to-concrete interfaces. Experimental tests were performed on specimens with different surface treatments, and the surface roughness parameters were analyzed and correlated with the shear strength and friction coefficient. The results showed that certain roughness parameters had a strong positive correlation with the friction coefficient, while others had little or no correlation. A novel combined roughness parameter with optimized correlation was proposed.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chiara Riccardi, Massimo Losa
Summary: The interest in using bio materials in asphalt pavements is growing due to economic reasons and environmental benefits. This study aimed to review the use of bio extenders as additives in binders, with a focus on replacements greater than 20% of fossil binder. The properties of bio-extended binders were found to vary substantially depending on the biomass source and production process.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)